Lec 4 - Purine Metabolism Flashcards
nucleosides lack these
phosphates
these have two rings
purines
these have one rings
pyramidines
NTP is required for synthesis of blank
rna
dNTP are requires for synthesis of blank
dna
the types of nucleotides vary based on the blank
side chains
two nucleotide synthesis pathways
de novo, salvage
de novo pathway results in making nitrogenous bases from blank and is less blank than salvage
scratch, efficient
end product of de novo purine synthesis pathway is this nucleotide…. first purine made
IMP
the nitrogenous base of IMP without the ribose and phosphate is called blank
hypoxanthine
what to know about purine biosynthesis slide
FOR TEST OK
key points of the control of purine nucleotide synthesis
FOR TEST OK
to convert imp to gmp we need blank
atp
to convert imp to amp we need blank
gtp
lots of blank stimulates purine nucleotide biosynthesis
PRPP
salvage pathway is reversible/irreversible?
irreversible
end product of purine nucleotide catabolism
uric acid
major organ for purine degradation
liver
key enzyme in degradation of purine nucleotides
xanthine oxidase
overproduciton of uric acid can lead to blank
gout
gout is usually caused by increased levels of blank
PRPP (increased purine synthesis)
this reduces production of uriic acid by binding to xanthine oxidase
allopurinol
pathway of pyramidine biosynthesis that is the same as making purines
salvage
unlike purines, pyramidines are first synthesized as a blank before being converted to a nucleotide via reaction with PRPP
free base
first compound with a pyramidine ring structure in de novo pyrimidine synthesis
orotate
what to konw about pyramidine biosynthesis slide
TEST OK
there are blank genetic diseases associated with pyramidine breakdown
no
nucleotides consist of these
nitrogenous base, a sguar, and phosphate
ribonucleotide reductase reduces blank to blank by using blank as the reducing power
OH, H, NADPH
ribonucleotide reductase activity is inhibited when nucleotide is bound to this activity site
dATP
ribonucleotide reductase activity is activated when nucleotide is bound to this activity site
atp
to make a thymine… a blank group needs to be put on uracil
methyl
this inhibits the enzyme thymidylate synthase involved in cancer
5 fluorouracil
nucleotide analog used as cancer drug that is an analog of cytosine and prevents further dna synthesis
araC
cancer drugs that are nucleotide analogs actually look like blank
nucleotides
making thymine requires this
tetrahydrofolate
this enzyme regulates the activity of various proteins involved in viral replication
cytomegalovirus UL97 kinase
analog of guanosine used in treatment of herpes virus
ganciclovir
analog of adenosine found in marine sponges, treats viral meningitis
vidarabine (AraA)
analog of thymidine that is incorporated by the HIV viral reverse transcriptase
AZT
important blood plasma protein made by the liver
albumin
albumin provides blank to keep blood in the blood vessels
oncotic pressure
albumin also helps transport these in the blood stream
fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin, drugs
three globulins in blood plasma
alpha, beta, gamma
liver makes these globulins
alpha, beta
group of plasma proteins not made by liver and make antibodies
gamma globulins
two blood coagulation factors including these
non vitamin k dependent, vitamin k dependent
summary of plasma proteins slide for test
ok
drugs and other foreign substances are aka blank
xenobiotics
humans contain about blank different cytochrome p450 genes
57
cytochrome p450 is involved in blank metabolism
xenobiotic
having more cytochrome p 450 causes blank drug metabolism
faster
compounds that give color to bile
bile pigments
bile pigments are derived from blank molecules
heme
heme molecules are large blank
tetrapyrroles
diseases in which intermediates of the heme biosynthesis accumulate because of either genetic mutation in one of the enzymes required fro heme synthesis or because of poisoning of the activity of ALA dehydratase
porphyrias
vampire disease
porphyria
various colors found in a bruise are due to local breakdown of blank from rbc
heme
when bile pigments accumulate they may result in yellow color called blank
jaundice
forms of jaundice in which there is bilirubin in the bloodstream that is not conjugated to the sugar glucaronic acid
unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
build up of conjugated bilirubin
conjugated hyperbilirubinemia
two liver function tests
serum bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, albumin, prothrombin time, ALT
