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MMI 133 > LEC 4 > Flashcards

LEC 4 Flashcards

1
Q

ENDOTOXIN what is example of endotoxin

A

lipid A

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2
Q

ENDOTOXIN what kind of molecule is endotoxin

A

lipid

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3
Q

ENDOTOXIN when is endotoxin released

A

bacterial death

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4
Q

EXOTOXIN how does exotoxin work

A
  1. produced by bacterial cell

2. released by bacterial cell

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5
Q

EXOTOXIN what kind of molecule is exotoxin

A

protein

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6
Q

EXOTOXIN what are 3 types of exotoxins

A
  1. enterotoxin ==> affects intestinal cells
  2. neurotoxin == > affects brain cells
  3. cytotoxin
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7
Q

METABOLISM what is metabolism

A

sum of chemical reactions that occur in organism

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8
Q

METABOLISM what are 4 components of metabolism

A
  1. anabolism
  2. catabolism
  3. enzymes
  4. energy production
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9
Q

METABOLISM what are catabolic reactions

A

reactions that release energy (for use by cells)

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10
Q

METABOLISM what are anabolic reactions

A

reactions that store energy

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11
Q

METABOLISM what do catabolic reactions involve

A

complex molecules to simple molecules

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12
Q

METABOLISM what do anabolic reactions involve

A

simple molecules to complex molecules

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13
Q

METABOLISM what kind of molecules is glycogen

A

storage molecule

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14
Q

ENZYMES how does high temp affect reaction rate

A

increase reaction rate

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15
Q

ENZYMES what would increase in body temp result in

A

protein denaturation

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16
Q

ENZYMES what is the function enzymes

A

increase reaction rate

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17
Q

ENZYMES what are 3 characteristics of enzymes

A
  1. substrate specific
  2. unchanged during reaction
  3. recycled after reaction
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18
Q

ENZYMES what are factors that affect enzyme function (5)

A
  1. temp
  2. pH
  3. salt concentration
  4. saturation
  5. inhibitors
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19
Q

ENZYMES what does saturation refer to

A

amount of substrates that are bound to enzymes

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20
Q

ENZYMES what can happen when pH too high or too low

A

denaturation

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21
Q

EN PRODUCTION what is primary nutrient source

A

glucose

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22
Q

EN PRODUCTION what are 3 processes by which glucose used

A
  1. aerobic resp
  2. anaerobic resp
  3. fermentation
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23
Q

EN PRODUCTION what conditions does fermentation. occur in

A
  1. aerobic

2. anaerobic

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24
Q

EN PRODUCTION what process common to CR and fermentation

A

glycolysis

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25
EN PRODUCTION what happens in glycolysis
glucose to pyruvate
26
EN PRODUCTION how much ATP produced per glucose by aerobic CR
38
27
EN PRODUCTION what are obligate aerobes
bacteria that need oxygen to grow
28
EN PRODUCTION what is obligate aerobe rate of growth
fast
29
EN PRODUCTION how much ATP produced per glucose by anaerobic CR
4
30
EN PRODUCTION what is obligate anaerobe
bacteria that need no oxygen to grow
31
EN PRODUCTION what is rate of obligate anaerobe growth
slow
32
EN PRODUCTION what are 2 en sources other than glucose
1. proteins | 2. lipids
33
what are 3 factors affecting bacterial growth
1. physical factors 2. chemical factors 3. envrio factors
34
PHYSICAL what are 4 physical factors affecting growth of bacteria
1. temp 2. pH 3. osmotic pressure 4. gas
35
PHYSICAL what are 5 categories that describe optimal temp for bacteria to grow (from cold to hot)
1. psychrophiles 2. psycrotrophs 3. mesophiles 4. thermophiles 5. hyperthermophiles
36
PHYSICAL what temp category do most pathogens belong to
mesophiles
37
LISTERIA what is gram morphology
gram pos bacillus
38
LISTERIA what temp category does listeria belong to
psychrotroph
39
LISTERIA what are growth conditions in terms of oxygen
1. aerobic | 2. anaerobic
40
LISTERIA what are growth characteristics
1. grow well on complex media 2. grow over wide temp grange 3. grow over wide pH range 4. grow in high NaCl concentrations
41
LISTERIA where can listeria be found
soil
42
LISTERIA what effect does listeria have on humans (3)
1. infect CNS 2. infect fetus 3. cause food borne disease
43
LISTERIA what is pathogenesis (4)
1. attach to gastric epithelial cells 2. enter gastric epithelial cells 3. rearrange actin 4. propel to next cell
44
LISTERIA what are 2 virulence factors
1. Act A protein | 2. listerolysin
45
LISTERIA what is the function of Act A
1. allow listeria to enter cell | 2. allow listeria to propel to next cell
46
LISTERIA what kind of protein is Act A
invasin
47
LISTERIA what happens when macrophages ingest listeria
listeria use listerolysin to break out of phagolysosome
48
LISTERIA what 3 infections does listeria cause
1. meningitis (meninges) 2. encephalitis (brain tissue) 3. sepsis (blood)
49
LISTERIA what is mode of transmission
fecal oral
50
LISTERIA how to treat listeria infections
antibiotics
51
PHYSICAL what are neutrophiles
bacteria whose activity zone is pH 5 to 8
52
PHYSICAL hypertonic solution
- more particles outside cell - less articles inside cell - water leaves cell - cell shrinks (plasmolysis)
53
PHYSICAL hypotonic solution
- less particles outside cell - more particles inside cell - water enters cell - cell swells (+ bursts)
54
PHYSICAL what does plasmolysis cause
inhibition of cell growth
55
PHYSICAL in bacterial cell that is in hypertonic enviro what is resistant to plasmolysis
cell wall
56
PHYSICAL what are obligate halophiles
bacteria that need high salt concentration to grow
57
PHYSICAL what have obligate halophiles developed resistance to
hypertonic solutions
58
PHYSICAL what are facultative halophiles
bacteria that tolerate salt
59
PHYSICAL what 5 categories describe gas requirements for bacterial growth
1. obligate aerobes 2. facultative anaerobes 3. obligate anaerobes 4. aerotolerant anaerobes 5. microaerophiles
60
PHYSICAL what are obligate aerobes
only grow where oxygen is present
61
PHYSICAL what are facultative anaerobes
prefer oxygen but can tolerate no oxygen | dispersed in liquid + layer at interface
62
PHYSICAL what are strict anaerobes
only grow where oxygen is absent
63
PHYSICAL what are aerotolerant anaerobes
prefer no oxygen but can tolerate oxygen | dispersed in liquid
64
PHYSICAL what are microaerophiles
half
65
CHEMICAL what do bacteria need chemical wise to grow
1. sources of a. carbon b. nitrogen d. oxygen e. phosphorus f. sulfur g. trace elements 2. organic growth factors
66
ENVIRO what are intracellular bacteria
bacteria that need to live in eukaryotic host cell
67
ENVIRO what does eukaryotic host cell provide bacteria
1. energy | 2. hiding place from WBC s
68
how do bacteria grow
binary fission
69
what is generation time
time it takes for bacteria to divide into 2
70
what does generation time depend on
1. growth medium | 2. growth conditions
71
what are 4 phases of bacterial growth
1. lag 2. log / exponential 3. stationary 4. death
72
during what phase are bacteria effective
log/ exponential
73
what are biofilms
communities of bacteria
74
what are bacteria in biofilms resistant to
antibiotics
75
why are bacteria in biofilms resistant to antibiotics
not in log phase
76
what sterile nutrient material can bacteria be grown on
1. agar | 2. animal blood
77
what is hemolysis
break down of RBC
78
what is hemolysis used for
identifying streptococcus species
79
what is alpha hemolysis
partial break down / clearing of RBC's around + under colony
80
what is beta hemolysis
complete break down / clearing of RBC's around and under bacterial colony
81
what is gamma hemolysis
no break down / clearing of RBC's around and under bacterial colony
82
what is differential media
media that separates bacteria into groups
83
what is selective media
media that prevents growth of certain bacteria

MMI 133 (7 decks)

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