LEC 1

Question 1

what did universal ancestor give rise to

Answer 1

1. bacteria
2. archaea
3. eukarya

Question 2

what are fungi

Answer 2

eukarya

Question 3

what are animals

Answer 3

eukarya

Question 4

what are amoeba

Answer 4

eukarya

Question 5

order organisms from largest to smallest

Answer 5

1. mammals
2. parasites
3. bacteria
4. fungi
5. viruses
6. prions

Question 6

what are prions

Answer 6

misfolded proteins

Question 7

what is done with genus name

Answer 7

• capitalized

- italicized

Question 8

what is done with species name

Answer 8

• not capitalized

- italicized

Question 9

how are bacteria classified into families

Answer 9

relatedness of genetic info

Question 10

what does same genus name mean

Answer 10

closely related

Question 11

what is morphology

Answer 11

bacterial shape

Question 12

what are 3 basic morphologies

Answer 12

1. cocci
2. bacilli
3. spiral

Question 13

what are cocci

Answer 13

small round bacteria

Question 14

what are staphylococci

Answer 14

cluster of small round bacteria

Question 15

what are streptococci

Answer 15

chain of small round bacteria

Question 16

what are diplococci

Answer 16

two small round bacteria

Question 17

what are enterococci

Answer 17

small chain of small round bacteria that are part of streptococci

Question 18

what are bacilli

Answer 18

rod shaped bacteria

Question 19

what are cocco bacilli

Answer 19

rounded rod shaped bacteria

Question 20

what are 3 types of spiral bacteria

Answer 20

1. vibrio
2. spirillum
3. spirochaete

Question 21

what is vibrio

Answer 21

comma shape

Question 22

what is spirillum

Answer 22

wavy shape

Question 23

what is spirochaete

Answer 23

tight curls shape

Question 24

what is purpose of simple stain

Answer 24

indicate presence of bacteria

Question 25

what is purpose of differential stain

Answer 25

separate bacteria into groups

Question 26

what kind of stain is gram stain

Answer 26

differential

Question 27

what does gram stain separate bacteria into

Answer 27

1. gram pos

2. gram neg

Question 28

what is peptidoglycan (PG)

Answer 28

structural mesh in bacterial cell wall

Question 29

what does gram stain depend on

Answer 29

amount of PG in bacterial cell wall

Question 30

what are steps in gram staining (8)

Answer 30

1. treat slide with methanol
2. add CV
3. wash off CV
4. add iodine
5. wash off iodine
6. decolourize with acetone-alcohol mix
7. counter stain with safarin
8. wash off counterstain

Question 31

what happens when CV added

Answer 31

sticks to PG in bacterial cell wall

Question 32

what happens when iodine added

Answer 32

1. sticks to PG in bacterial cell wall

2. complexes with CV

Question 33

what does CV iodine complex do in PG

Answer 33

precipitates

Question 34

GRAM + PG of gram pos

Answer 34

thick

Question 35

GRAM + what does acetone-alcohol wash do

Answer 35

compress PG

Question 36

GRAM + what does compression of PG result in

Answer 36

lock in CV iodine complex

Question 37

GRAM -PG of gram neg

Answer 37

thin

Question 38

GRAM -what is PG of gram neg attached to

Answer 38

outer mem

Question 39

GRAM -what does acetone-alcohol wash do

Answer 39

disrupts outer mem ==> disrupts / rips out PG

Question 40

GRAM -what happens when PG disrupted / ripped out

Answer 40

1. rip out CV iodine complex

2. lose purple colour (bacteria no longer visible under microscope)

Question 41

what does counterstain do

Answer 41

give gram neg pink colour

Question 42

what does counterstain have no effect on

Answer 42

gram pos

Question 43

what are bacteria lacking

Answer 43

nucleus

Question 44

where are chromosomes of bacteria

Answer 44

cyto