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PHARMACOLOGY > LEC - 3 - Sources of Drugs > Flashcards

LEC - 3 - Sources of Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

The origins from which drugs are derived, including natural sources (plants, animals, microorganisms, and minerals), semi-synthetic, synthetic, and recombinant DNA technology.

A

Sources of Drugs

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2
Q

Natural Sources of Drugs:

A

Plants
Leaves
Flowers
Fruits
Seeds
Bark
Animals
Minerals

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3
Q

The oldest source of drugs, used empirically. Drugs are derived from leaves, seeds, flowers, roots, bark, etc.

A

Plants

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4
Q

Disadvantages for plants:

A

plant identification
climatic and social conditions
season of collection
storage conditions
Standardization
purity of active ingredients.

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5
Q

Examples of Medicinal Leaves:

A

Digitalis purpurea
Eucalyptus
Tobacco
Atropa belladonna

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6
Q

Source of digitoxin and digoxin (cardiac glycosides).

A

Digitalis purpurea:

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7
Q

Source of eucalyptus oil (used in cough syrups).

A

Eucalyptus:

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8
Q

Source of nicotine.

A

Tobacco:

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9
Q

Source of atropine.

A

Atropa belladonna:

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10
Q

Examples of Medicinal Flowers:

A

Poppy (Papaver somniferum)
Vinca rosea
Rose

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11
Q

Source of morphine (opioid).

A

Poppy (Papaver somniferum):

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12
Q

Source of vincristine and vinblastine (anti-neoplastic drugs).

A

Vinca rosea:

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13
Q

Source of rose water (used as a tonic).

A

Rose:

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14
Q

anti-neoplastic drugs

A

vincristine and vinblastine

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15
Q

Examples of Medicinal Fruits:

A

Senna pod
Calabar beans

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16
Q

Source of anthracene (purgative used for constipation).

A

Senna pod:

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17
Q

Source of physostigmine (cholinomimetic agent used in treating glaucoma and anticholinergic toxicity).

A

Calabar beans:

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18
Q

purgative used for constipation

A

anthracene

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19
Q

cholinomimetic agent used in treating glaucoma and anticholinergic toxicity

A

physostigmine

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20
Q

Examples of Medicinal Seeds:

A

Nux vomica
Castor oil seed

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21
Q

Source of strychnine (CNS stimulant).

A

Nux vomica

22
Q

Source of castor oil.

A

Castor oil seed

23
Q

CNS stimulant

A

strychnine

24
Q

Examples of Medicinal Roots

A

Ipecacuanha
Rauwolfia serpentina

25
Q

Source of emetine (used to induce vomiting and has amoebicidal properties).

A

Ipecacuanha

26
Q

Source of reserpine (hypotensive agent used for hypertension

A

Rauwolfia serpentina

27
Q

used to induce vomiting and has amoebicidal properties).

A

emetine

28
Q

hypotensive agent used for hypertension

A

reserpine

29
Q

Examples of Medicinal Bark:

A

Cinchona
Atropa belladonna
Hyoscyamus niger

30
Q

Source of quinine and quinidine (antimalarial and antiarrhythmic drugs).

A

Cinchona

31
Q

Source of atropine (anticholinergic).

A

Atropa belladonna

32
Q

Source of hyoscine (anticholinergic).

A

Hyoscyamus niger

33
Q

anticholinergics

A

atropine
hyoscine

34
Q

Medicines derived from animals

A

gonadotropins
heparin
insulin
thyroid extract

35
Q

Medicines derived from microorganisms

A

penicillin
streptomycin
tetracycline
chloramphenicol
erythromycin

36
Q

Medicines derived from minerals

A

iron
calcium
magnesium
aluminum
sodium
potassium
sulfur
lithium

37
Q

for treating iron deficiency anemia

A

iron

38
Q

for syphilis

A

mercurial salts

39
Q

as a supplement

A

zinc

40
Q

as an antiseptic

A

iodine

41
Q

for rheumatoid arthritis

A

gold salts

42
Q

for antiseptic properties

A

fluorine

43
Q

for anti-dandruff shampoos.

A

selenium

44
Q

Drugs where the nucleus from a natural source is retained, but the chemical structure is altered. These are often complex, expensive, and derived from impure natural compounds

A

Semi-Synthetic Drugs

45
Q

Examples of Semi-Synthetic Drugs

A

semi-synthetic human insulin from pork insulin, 6-aminopenicillanic acid from fungus

46
Q

Drugs synthesized in pharmaceutical laboratories from organic, inorganic, or both types of compounds

A

Synthetic Drugs

47
Q

Examples of Synthetic Drugs

A

chloroform
ether
nitrous oxide
chloral hydrate
antipyretics
sulphonamides
antihistamines
anticonvulsants
anti-anxiety drugs

48
Q

A process involving gene cloning, where DNA is cleaved by enzyme restriction endonucleases, and the desired gene is coupled to rapidly replicating DNA (viral, bacterial, or plasmid).

A

Recombinant DNA Technology

49
Q

Examples of Recombinant DNA Technology

A

human insulin
growth hormone
tissue plasminogen activator
vaccines
interferon
erythropoietin
interleukins
granulocyte-colony stimulating factor.

50
Q

Advantages of Recombinant DNA Technology

A

Large quantities of drugs can be produced in pure form with less antigenicity.

51
Q

Disadvantages of Recombinant DNA Technology

A

Requires a well-equipped laboratory, highly trained staff, and is a complex and complicated technique.

PHARMACOLOGY (20 decks)

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