LAB - 4 - Routes... Flashcards
2 Types of Systemic Routes:
Enteral
Parenteral
Enteral Routes:
Oral
Sublingual
Rectal
Parenteral Routes:
Inhalation
Injections
Transdermal
Administration of a drug by mouth.
Oral Route
This route is easily self-administered, limits the number of systemic infections, and is exposed to the harsh gastrointestinal environment, which may limit absorption.
Oral Route
Most drugs absorbed from the GI tract enter the portal circulation and encounter the liver before they are distributed into general circulation, known as ___
“First Pass Metabolism.”
Advantages of oral route:
Safe
Convenient
Painless
Economical
Self-administered
Disadvantages of oral route:
Slow onset
First pass effect
Drugs destroyed by digestive juices
Cannot be given to unconscious or uncooperative patients
A method where a tablet or pellet containing the drug is placed under the tongue or crushed in the mouth and spread over the buccal mucosa, allowing for rapid absorption into the bloodstream, bypassing the liver.
Sublingual/Buccal Route
Advantages of Sublingual/Buccal Route:
Quick onset of action
Bypasses first pass effect
Can be spat out if side effects occur
Disadvantages of Sublingual/Buccal Route:
Distasteful drugs cannot be given
Drugs with high molecular weight are not well absorbed
Swallowing may deactivate the drug
Drugs are administered rectally as a suppository, mixed with a waxy substance that dissolves or liquefies after insertion into the rectum.
Rectal Route
Advantages of Rectal Route:
Useful in patients with nausea and vomiting
Bypasses first pass effect
Useful if the drug is a gastric irritant
Disadvantages of Rectal Route:
Chances of rectal inflammation
Absorption is unreliable
Inconvenient and embarrassing for the patient
Parenteral Routes
Intravenous (IV)
Direct administration of drugs into the bloodstream.
Advantages of Parenteral Routes:
Quick onset
Bypasses first pass effect
Useful in unconscious patients
Allows large volume fluids
Gastric irritant drugs may be given
Amount of drug is controlled
Also known as a spinal tap, is a test used to diagnose certain health conditions. It’s performed in your lower back, in the lumbar region. During this, a needle is inserted into the space between two lumbar bones, called vertebrae. Then a sample of cerebrospinal fluid is removed.
Lumbar puncture
Intraarterial Administration is for:
Vasodilator drugs in treatment of vasospasm
Thrombolytic drugs in treatment of embolism
Where do we drop the medication in eye drop administration:
Place the prescribed dosage onto the conjuctival sac.
Otic Medications Considerations
Otic Medications
Tilt head to side with ear facing up for 2 to 5 minutes.
Patients under 3 should have lobes pulled down and back.
Cotton swabs placed in the ear after administration of drops will prevent excess medication from dripping out of the ear
Swabs will not reduce drug absorption
Patients over 3 should should have lobes pulled up and back
Nasal administration should be administered to the:
Can act topically through the nasal epithelium Or taken up through the respiratory tract as an inhalant
Disadvantages of Parenteral Routes:
Painful
Aseptic conditions required
Risk of thrombophlebitis
Risk of air or particulate embolism
Injection of drugs into the muscle.
Intramuscular (IM)
Advantages of Intramuscular Route:
More predictable and rapid absorption compared to oral
Depot injections can be given for a sustained drug effect
Disadvantages of Intramuscular Route:
Painful
Aseptic conditions required
Risk of abscess and nerve damage
Large volumes cannot be given
Injection of drugs into the tissue beneath the skin.
Subcutaneous (SC)
Advantages of Subcutaneous Route:
Smooth absorption over longer periods
Depot injections can be given
Disadvantages of Subcutaneous Route:
Limited to small volumes (maximum 2 ml)
Irritant drugs may cause necrosis and sloughing
Not suitable in states of shock
Injection of drugs into the bone marrow.
Intramedullary
Advantages of Intramedullary Route:
Very fast onset of action
Disadvantages of Intramedullary Route:
Painful
Risky
Strict aseptic conditions required
Requires skill to administer
Injection of drugs into the spinal canal.
Intrathecal
Advantages of Intrathecal Route:
Drug acts directly on meninges and CNS
Bypasses blood-brain barrier and blood-CSF barrier
Disadvantages of Intrathecal Route:
Strict aseptic precautions required
Painful procedure
Injection of drugs directly into an artery.
Intraarterial
Advantages of Intraarterial Route:
Greater concentrations of the drug can be delivered to a specific site
Disadvantages of Intraarterial Route:
Painful
Requires aseptic conditions
Requires expertise to administer
Administration of drugs through the respiratory system.
Inhalation Route
Advantages of Inhalation Route:
Fast absorption
Quick onset
Can be self-administered
Disadvantages of Inhalation Route:
Potential for bronchial irritation
Application of drugs to the skin or mucous membranes, including conjunctival, auditory, nasal, vaginal, urethral routes, and transdermal patches.
Topical Routes
Advantages of Topical Routes:
Achieves systemic effects via skin application
Disadvantages of Topical Routes:
Specific to the method used and the site of application
Locate the site for IM injection of the deltoid:
2-3 fingers below the acromion process
Locate the site for ventrogluteal injection:
place the palm of a hand over the greater trochanter of the femur, facing the index finger and thumb towards the umbilicus, along the anterior iliac spine
SIte of injection for newborns:
Left leg, vastus lateralis muscle of the thigh
What are the 4 intramuscular injections sites?
Deltoid muscle
Vastus lateralis
Ventrogluteal muscle
Dorsogluteal muscle
