Lec 26 - antimicrobial resistance Flashcards
what do we know about antibiotic resistance
- antibiotic resistance is a natural phenomenon
- most scientists think resistance is a bacterial survival mechanism for competition
- regardless of who is responsible, exposure to antibiotics selects for resistance strains
- resistance has not developed just due to human use
who discovered penicillin
alexander fleming
how many deaths occur from antibiotic resistance each year
more than 35k
Humans and their pets use ____ ______ the amount of antibiotics than what is used in food animal production
10 times
t/f there is little overlap between antibiotics used in human medicine and animal agriculture
true
what percent of antibiotics are used in animals but rarely/never used in human medicine
71%
t/f simply using antibiotics creates resistance. these drugs should only be used to treat infections
true
what antibiotic is used in animals that is never used in people
lonophores
who is the regulatory oversight that approves all animal drugs (as well as human drugs)
- considers risks to human health and the environment when assessing new animal drug applications
- inspects commercial feed mill to assure animal antibiotics are used according to regulation
- has the authority to withdraw a drug if they fill there is an imminent risk to human health
US food and drug administration FDA
slide 41
what change in the FDA policy on antibiotics used in animal fed
eliminate use of antibiotics that are deemed medically important for human health for growth promotion purposes
what is the veterinary feed directive (VFD)
- producers need to consult with veterinarian before using feed or water medication
- veterinarian required to provide written VFD with copies to feed manufacturer and client (keep another copy for personal records)
- veterinary client patient relationship mush be established
what does the VFD final rule require
required vets to issue all VFDs within the context of a vet client patient relationship (VCPR) and specificizes the key elements that define a VCPR
what are a VCPR requirements
- the vet has assumed the responsibility for making clinical judgements regarding the heath of the patient
- the vet has sufficient knowledge of the patient to initiate at least a general or preliminary diagnosis of the medical condition of the patient
- the veterinarian is readily available for follow-up eval
- the veterinarian provides oversight of treatment, compliance, and outcome
- patient records are maintained
why was the veterinary feed directive made
for stricter federal rules that regulate how medically important antibiotics - medications that are important for treating human disease - can be administered to animals in feed and drinking water
FDA requires veterinary oversight whenever such antibiotics are administered to any food animal species via feed or water even if the animals are not intended for food production **
from pets rabbits and pigs to backyard poultry, to large livestock farms, these restrictions apply
all medically important antibiotics to be used in feed or water for food animal species require a veterinary feed directive (VFD) or a prescription
what is extra label drug use
the use of any drug other than as approved and described on the label
- indication
- route of administration
- species
- dosage
- duration of use
what is the AMDUCA
animal medicinal drug use clarification Act
when does the AMDUCA allow extra label drug use
- to treat disease
- when there is no approved food animal drug containing the needed ingredient, in the proper dosage form and labeled for the condition being treated
- the veterinarian determines the approved drug is clinically ineffective
- for prevention of disease if the vet can substantiate that the health of the animal is threatened
what are the requirements for extra label drug use
- a valid VCPR
- use only as prescribed by a vet
- only FDA- approved animal and human drugs may be used
- injectable and water meds (not feed)
- prolonged withdraw
- ELDU of some drugs or drug classes may be prohibited or further restricted
- only allows for treatment not production uses
- records must be maintained for 2 years
when is use of ELDs prohibited
- for production purposes
- FDA has said reproductive use is usually no considered therapeutic - for feed-grade antibiotics
- if there is an approved effective food-animal drug
- for cost-saving
- if the drug is unapproved or on the FDA prohibited/restricted list
when is ELDU illegal
Any ELDU in the feed of food animals is illegal. there is no gray area to this part of the regulations. if it is not on the label it cannot be used in that manner
what 3 sources does NARMS monitoring use to monitor antimicrobial resistance among enteric bacteria
- humans (CDC)
- retail meats (FDA)
- food animals (USDA)
