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One Health 3 > Lec 24 - trypanosomiasis, WNV, schistosomiasis > Flashcards

Lec 24 - trypanosomiasis, WNV, schistosomiasis Flashcards

1
Q

what are some common names for trypanosomiasis

A

sleeping sickness and chagas disease

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2
Q

what are the scientific names of trypanosomiasis

A

African variants: trypanosoma brucei gambiense (TbG), trypanosoma brucei rhodensience (TbR)

american variant: Trypanosoma cruzi

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3
Q

what are the species involved with trypanosomiasis

A

humans are the primary reservoir for TbG but ungulates and primates can host. cattle are the primary reservoir for TbR. all mammals are susceptible to T. cruzi

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4
Q

what are the geographic location of trypanosomiasis

A

TbG is found in west and central africa

TbR is found in east and southeast africa

T.cruzi is found in the americas

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5
Q

what are the clinical signs of trypanosomiasis in animals

A
  • incubation period 1-4 wks
  • primary signs - intermittent fever, anemia, weight loss, lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea
  • chronic cases - swollen lymph nodes, serous atrophy of fat and anemia
  • postmortem lesions: vary and nonspecific, can have extensive petechiation of serosal membranes in fatal cases
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6
Q

what are the clinical signs of trypanosomiasis in humans

A

chills, headaches, muscle/joint pain, anemia, swollen lymph nodes

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7
Q

what is the morbidity/ mortality of trypanosomiasis

A

influenced by general health of animal and can relapse with stress
- can have rapid death
- death with chronic untreated cases

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8
Q

how is trypanosomiasis transmitted

A

african variants: vector borne disease carried by bites from the tsetse fly - spreads the protozoan trypanosoma

american variant: vector borne disease carried by bites form the kissing by (reduviid bug) carrying T.cruzi
- mammals that ingest the insects of the feces of the insects

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9
Q

how is trypanosomiasis controlled

A

african variants: the best method of control is fly population control through environmental clean-up as well as using fly spray or dipping animals in insecticides specified as safe for dipping usage.

american variants: vector control of the environment through pesticides.

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10
Q

how is trypanosomiasis treated

A

african variant: there are a variety of curative meds for sick animals. some over lap with prophylactics

american variants: there is currently no FDA approved treatment of chagas disease. the only method of treatment at this time is supportive care

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11
Q

what is the one health impact of trypanosomiasis

A

is a major obstacle to rural economic development in some countries

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12
Q

is trypanosomiasis a reportable disease

A

yes

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13
Q

is trypanosomiasis zoonotic

A

yes

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14
Q

what is the scientific name of west nile virus/ west nile encephalitis (WNV/WNE)

A

flavivirus family: orthoflavivirus nilense

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15
Q

t/f the leading cause of mosquito-borne disease in the continental US

A

true

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16
Q

what are the species involved with west nile virus

A

birds and alligators are the DH , they can infect humans, horses and other mammals (dogs, cats, chipmunks, squirrels)

17
Q

what are the clinical signs of WNV in humans

A

fever, headache, body aches, vomiting, diarrhea, and rash
severe: neuroinvasive disease: encephalitis, meningitis

18
Q

what are the clinical signs of WNV in horses

A

generally rare and mild but can cause neurologic disease
- lethargy, inappetence, ataxia, weakness, head and neck tremors, muscle fasciculations, opisthotonos, convulsions/paddling and recumbency

19
Q

what is the morbidity/mortality of WNV in humans, birds, and horses

A

humans: morbidity 20%, mortality 5%

birds: generally nonpathogenic but higher mortality rate in American birds

horses: morbidity 20% after development of neurological disease mortality rate 30%

20
Q

how is WNV transmitted

A

bite of an infected mosquito (primary culex species)
– mosquito feeds on infected birds or alligators
– humans and horses are dead end hosts

can spread through blood transfusions, organ transplantation (rare)

vertical transmission (mother to baby)
– pregnancy, delivery or breastfeeding

21
Q

what is the treatment for WNV

A

supportive care: rest, fluids and pain medications

horses with severe disease are often euthanized for humane reasons, rather than spontaneous death

22
Q

Is WNV a reportable disease

A

yes - it is a nationally notifiable disease, report to state vet of CDC

23
Q

what is the prevention for WNV

A
  • there is no vaccine for humans (those who recover have life long immunity)
  • vaccination for horses, depending on the area may booster up to 2-3 times per year

prevent mosquito bites
– use insect repellent, wear long sleeves and pants, treat clothing and gear
- mosquito trapping and arbovirus testing programs

24
Q

is WNV zoonotic

A

yes - people are a dead end host

25
Q

what is the common name for schistosomiasis (bilharzia)

A

snail fever

26
Q

what is the scientific name for schistosomiasis

A

schistosoma haematobium, S.japonicum, and S.mansoni

27
Q

what is the geographic location of schistosomiasis

A

s. mansoni is found primarily across sub-saharan africa, some south american countries and the caribbean

s. haematobium is found in africa and pockets of the middle east

S.japonicum is founf in china, the philippines and sulawesi

28
Q

what are the clinical signs of schistosomiasis

A

systemic symptoms: fever, cough, and eosinophilia

abdominal pain, diarrhea, and blood in stool due to intestinal schistosomiasis

hematuria, fibrosis of the bladder and ureter, kidney damage, genital lesions and infertility.

occasionally central nervous system lesions are seen, causing granulomatous lesions around ectopic eggs in the spinal cord

29
Q

what are some postmortem lesions from schistosomiasis

A

hematuria, scarring, calcification, squamous cell carcinoma, and occasional embolic egg granulomas in the brain or spinal cord

30
Q

what are the morbidity/ mortality rates of schistosomiasis

A

morbidity rates are est to be 75 million cases globally per year

mortality rates are est to be 11,792 deaths globally per year

  • both are likely sig underestimated
31
Q

how is schistosomiasis transmitted

A

eggs are excreted from humans through their urine into freshwater. the eggs contain miracidium (mature ciliated form). once in freshwater these eggs hatch, releasing miracidium. The miracidium penetrates soft tissue on their intermediate host bulinus snail

  • within these snails parasites undergo asexual reproduction via their sporocyst stages. it takes about 4-6 weeks fir them to mature enough to be shed into water
  • no cercariae, they penetrate mammalian hosts via skin contact, before spending 10-12 more weeks maturing into adult schistosomes
  • at this point these adults will start to produce eggs themselves within their host
32
Q

what is the treatment for schistosomiasis

A

praziquantel is the recomended dewormer of choice for this disease

33
Q

how is schistosomiasis controlled

A

education about the spread to this disease as well as trying to minimize the amount of contact people have with urine contaminated freshwater sources

34
Q

where does the parasite schistomas live in humans

A

this parasite lives primarily in the urogenital venules.

  • they feed off erythrocytes, and affect the vascularity of many corresponding urogenital organs (bladder, lower uterus, urethra, seminal vesicles, uterus)

Other schistomes live within other organs including mesenteric venules where they release eggs into the host intestines

35
Q

what are some complications in females that can come from schistomiasis

A

they cause infertility and spontaneous abortion. they are also known to cause increased incidence of STIs (including HIV), UT obstruction which could cause CKD and in some severe cases cancer

36
Q

is schistosomiasis zoonotic

A

Yes

One Health 3 (8 decks)

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