Lec 22 - Zoonotic TB, pasteurellosis, coccidioidomycosis

Question 1

what is the scientific name for zoonotic tuberculosis (zTB)

Answer 1

mycobacterium bovis and mycobacterium caprae

Question 2

what are the species involved with zTB

Answer 2

bovines, caprines, ovines, porcines (domestic and wild), camelids, mustelids (wild), and cervids

Question 3

what are the geographic location of zTB

Answer 3

in order from most to least burdened continents/areas: africa, southeast asia, western pacific, eastern Mediterranean

Question 4

what are the clinical signs of zTB in animals

Answer 4

loss of body condition, intermittent pyrexia, enlarged superficial lymphnodes, cough, dyspnea, diarrhea and constipation

Question 5

what are the clinical signs of zTB in humans for the respiratory form

Answer 5

bloody sputum, pleuritic chest pain, and asthenia

Question 6

what are the clinical signs of zTB in people with the extrapulmonary form

Answer 6

ocular disorders, infertility and abortion

Question 7

describe the antemortem lesions in zTB

Answer 7

nodular skin lesions called tuberculous chancres, described as “firm red papules that become painless shallow ulcers on the skin”

Question 8

what is the morbidity/mortality of zTB

Answer 8

morbidity is 147,000 cases per year

mortality is 12,500 deaths per year

Question 9

what is the animal to animal transmission of zTB

Answer 9

animal to animal transmission occurs through inhalation of droplets produced by infected animals in close quarters, ingestion of bacteria through milk, or ingestion of bacteria through feed/water

Question 10

what is the animal - human transmission of zTB

Answer 10

transmission occurs though inhalation of droplets produced by infected animals, direct contact with cutaneous penetration and ingestion of bacteria through unpasteurized milk products

Question 11

what is the treatment for humans with zTB

Answer 11

humans get a round of antibiotics for 6-12 months

Question 12

how are animals with TB treated

Answer 12

culling

Question 13

what is a concern of countries trying to get rid of zTB

Answer 13

antimicrobial resistance to treatment is a concern. mycobacterium bovis is naturally resistant to the main antibiotic pyrazinamide used the treat TB

Question 14

what is the common and scientific name for pasteurellosis in cattle

Answer 14

shipping fever

mannheimia haemolyticia and P.multocida

Question 15

what is the common name for pasteurellosis in birds

Answer 15

Fowl cholera

Question 16

What is the common name for pasteurellosis in rabbits

Answer 16

snuffles

Question 17

what is the common name for pasteurellosis in swine

Answer 17

atrophic rhinitis

Question 18

what is the most clinically relevant spp of pasteurella in domestic and wild animals

Answer 18

pasteurella multocida

Question 19

what are the species involved with pasteurellosis

Answer 19

a wide range - cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, dogs, cats, rabbits, chicken and humans (zoonotic)

Question 20

who do pasteurellosis infections primarily affect

Answer 20

young, immunocompromised, stressed or elderly animals

Question 21

what is the geographic location of pasteurella

Answer 21

worldwide

Question 22

what are the common clinical signs for pasteurella

Answer 22

primarily seen throughout the resp system. fever, hypersalivation, abnormal lung sounds, nasal discharge, bronchopneumonia, septicemia, and sudden death

Question 23

what are some common postmortem lesions with pasteurella

Answer 23

involve the resp tract and structures around the head. bronchopneumonia, enlarged or necrotic liver and spleen, pneumonia, and inflammation of upper resp tract

Question 24

what are the specific clinical signs of pasteurella in cattle

Answer 24

rapid or labored breathing, droopy ears, coughing diarrhea, wheezing or crackling noises in lungs

Question 25

what are the specific clinical signs of pasteurellosis in pigs

Answer 25

coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge

Question 26

what are the specific clinical signs in birds

Answer 26

depression, conjunctivitis, mucoid oral discharge, dyspnea, tachypnea, and torticollis "twisted neck"

Question 27

what are the specific clinical signs of pasteurellosis in rabbits

Answer 27

nasal discharge with sneezing and nasal stridor, conjunctivitis, pneumonia, and occasionally otitis

Question 28

what are the specific clinical signs of humans with pasteurealla

Answer 28

most common is a local wound infection following an animal bite or scratch, complications may include abscesses, cellulitis, and joint injections

Question 29

what is the morbidity/ mortality with Pasteurella

Answer 29

varies heavily depending on species - mortality can occur 8-24 hours after clinical signs develop in most. generally can progress into fatal bacterial pneumonia or hemorrhagic septicemia (primarily ruminants). very high mortality rate among livestock and birds, relatively uncommon in humans

Question 30

what are the common modes of transmission of pasteurella

Answer 30

- inhalation of infected particles and aerosols - ingestion of contaminated feed or water - direct contact with an infected animal or mechanical vector common mode to humans: by scratches or bites from an infected animals

Question 31

what are the treatment/control methods for pasteurellosis

Answer 31

controlled through good biosecurity, vaccination and antimicrobials identify chronic carriers, separate domestic animals from wild; depopulation in some cases of fowl cholera

Question 32

why does shipping fever (pasteurellosis) often occur with other viruses due to transportation

Answer 32

the stress weakens the immune system

Question 33

T/F the most common and costly disease in the north American beef cattle industry industry is pasturella

Answer 33

true

Question 34

is pasteurella zoonotic

Answer 34

yes

Question 35

what is the common name for coccidiomycosis

Answer 35

valley fever

Question 36

what are the scientific names for coccidioidomycosis

Answer 36

coccidioides immitis or coccidioides posadasii

Question 37

what are the species involved with coccidioidomycosis

Answer 37

humans, cattle and livestock, dogs and cats, horses, camelids, primates, marsupials, tigers, bears, badgers, and otters, fish and marine mammals

Question 38

what are the geographic locations of coccidioidomycosis

Answer 38

arid locations in the southwestern US, parts of mexico and central south America. the fungus was also recently found in south-central washington

Question 39

what are some antemortem lesions and clinical signs of coccidioidomycosis

Answer 39

- most are asymptomatic - nonspecific resp signs (bronchitis, pneumonia, pleural effusion) - fever, cough, chest pain, chills, sputum production, sore throat, and hemoptysis - scattered rash - primary pulmonary lesions sometimes leave nodular coin lesions that must be distinguished from tumors, TB and other granulomatous infections - in cats: non-healing skin lesions are the most common symptoms of valley fever in cats, rather than coughing as in dogs - in dogs: like in humans valley fever mostly affects the lungs

Question 40

what do post mortem lesions look like in coccidioidomycosis

Answer 40

- lesions may be limited to the lungs, mediastinum, and thoracic lymph does - pyogranulomatous nodules in tissues of a firm consistency with white-gray coloration - nodules may contain purulent exudate and/or mineralized foci

Question 41

what is the morbidity/mortality for coccidioidomycosis

Answer 41

- morbidity: 30-50% of people in endemic areas have tested positive for infection via coccidioidin skin test - mortality: death is rare approx. 200 associated deaths are reported each year

Question 42

how is coccidioidomycosis transmitted

Answer 42

acquired via inhalation of airborne spores of the fungus coccidioides immitis or posadasii from the soil. - non resp spread via solid organ transplant or percutaneous transfer or infected fomites (rare)

Question 43

what treatment/control for coccidioidomycosis

Answer 43

antifungals (fluconazole and itraconazole) are most recommended, except during pregnancy. Amphotericin B is indicated in patients that do no improve with the aforementioned therapies, at the risk therapies, at the risk of nephrotoxicity. surgical excision of granulomas

Question 44

is Coccidioidomycosis considered a reportable disease

Answer 44

yes - in states such as California and Arizona

Question 45

is coccidioidomycosis zoonotic

Answer 45

yes