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One Health 3 > Lec 20 - Nipah virus, hantavirus, and canine influenza > Flashcards

Lec 20 - Nipah virus, hantavirus, and canine influenza Flashcards

1
Q

what are other names for Nipah virus

A

porcine respiratory and encephalitis syndrome (PRES), one mile cough, and barking pig syndrome

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2
Q

what is the scientific name for Nipah virus

A

henipavirus nipahense

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3
Q

what species are involved with Nipah virus

A

fruit bats, pigs, horses, cats, dogs, goats, and humans

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4
Q

where does Nipah virus live

A

outbreaks : malaysia, singapore, bangladesh, india, and the philippines

fruit bats carry the virus specifically in asia, the south pacific and Australia

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5
Q

what are the clinical signs of nipah virus in humans

A

fever, headache, cough, sore throat, difficulty breathing, muscle pain (myalgia), and vomiting
- later in infection some can experience neurologic signs, from encephalitis such as confusion, dizziness, seizures and drowsiness

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6
Q

what are the clinical signs animals develop from Nipah virus

A

Pigs: clinical signs vary depending on age and individual animal response. most pigs develop febrile resp dz, encephalitis (sows/boars), other neurologic signs, and death

  • some animals may be asymptomatic.
  • horses were reported to have developed acute, fatal neurological signs or die suddenly
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7
Q

what is the morbidity and mortality of nipah virus in humans

A

morbidity is high

mortality rate is around 40-75%

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8
Q

what is the morbidity and mortality of nipah virus in animals

A

morbidity is high for all age groups of pigs

mortality is low (except in piglets)

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9
Q

how is Nipah virus transmitted to humans

A
  • direct contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids (saliva and urine)
  • human to human contact: through close contact, bodily fluids and resp droplets
  • consuming contaminated food and drink
  • consuming undercooked meat
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10
Q

how is nipah virus transmitted through animals

A

fruit bats are the natural reservoir, so any direct contact or fomites can cause transmission
- bats to pigs though the ingestion of food and water contaminated with bat waste
- transmission btwn pigs occurs through direct contact and fomites

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11
Q

what is the treatment for Nipah virus

A

limited to hydration and supportive care

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12
Q

T/F nipah virus is a reportable disease

A

true

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13
Q

is nipah virus zoonotic

A

yes

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14
Q

what are other names for hantavirus

A

hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)

hemorrhagic fever and renal syndrome (HFRS)

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15
Q

what is the scientific name for hantavirus

A

orthohantavirus spp

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16
Q

what species are involved with hantavirus

A

humans and rodents (rats and mice)

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17
Q

where is old world hantavirus mostly found

A

Europe and Asia

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18
Q

where has the Seoul virus (causes HFRS) been documented

A

in the US

19
Q

where is new world hantavirus found

A

in both north and south america

20
Q

what are the clinical signs of hantavirus in rodents

A

hantaviruses do not appear to cause disease in the reservoir species (rodents)

21
Q

what are the clinical signs of hantavirus in humans (either form HPS or HFRS)

A

fatigue, fever, headaches, dizziness, chills, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and muscle aches

in more severe cases: resp distress, pulmonary edema, multiorgan failure and death can occur

22
Q

what are the morbidity/mortality of hantavirus in humans

A

HPS 38% of people who develop resp symptoms may die from disease

HFRS - depends on the strain
– hantaan and dobrava virus infections cause severe symptoms where 5-15% of cases are fatal

– seoul, saaremaa, and puumala virus infections are usually more moderate with less than 1% dying from dz

23
Q

what diagnostic test it used to diagnose hantavirus

A

ELISA to detect IgM antibodies

24
Q

what is the route of transmission for hantavirus

A

contact with rodent saliva, urine, and/or feces. the virus is easily aerosolized and breathing in the virus is the most common way to get infected

25
Q

what is the treatment for hantavirus

A

no specific treatment or vaccine

26
Q

how can hantavirus be controlled/prevented

A

control rodent populations what may be in close contact with humans

prevent contact with rodents esp dropping or urine

ensure good hygiene after encountering rodents and using disinfectants

27
Q

is hantavirus zoonotic

A

yes

28
Q

what is hantavirus classified as by the CDC

A

a bioterrorism agent

29
Q

what is the common name of canine influenza

A

the dog flu

30
Q

what are the 2 strains of canine influenza

A

H3N8 and H3N2

31
Q

what species are involved in canine flu

A

canine and feline (only H3N2)

32
Q

where did canine flu originate

A

Florida

33
Q

The H3N8 variant has decreased in prevalence but the H3N2 variant is widespread where

A

across America and Asia (namely Korea) and sporadically found in Canada and Europe

34
Q

what are the clinical signs of canine influenza in dogs

A

mild infection with a cough persisting for 1-3 weeks. ocular and nasal discharge, sneezing, fever, lethargy, and anorexia. some dogs can develop more severe clinical signs with a fever, pneumonia an secondary bact infections

35
Q

what are grey hounds predisposed to if they get canine influenza

A

hemorrhagic pneumonia

36
Q

lesions would you seen with canine influenza

A

congestion of the larynx and proximal trachea. markedly ulcerated and multifocally covered by fibrinonecrotic membrane. lungs diffusely dark red, soft, with marked edema and areas of subpleural hemorrhage

37
Q

what is the morbidity/ mortality of CIV in dogs

A

CIV is self-limiting and most often an acute infection with a cough and nasal discharge that persists for a few days.
H3N8 is more severe in greyhounds

morbidity is very high 60-80%
mortality is low at 1-5%

38
Q

how is CIV transmitted

A

CIV is highly contagious. it is spread through resp secretions, contaminated objects and movement between infected to uninfected dogs

39
Q

what is the incubation period of CIV

A

time btwn exposure and onset of clinical signs it 2-4 wks

40
Q

can asymptomatic dogs still shed CIV

A

yes about 20% of dogs

41
Q

what is the treatment for CIV in dogs

A

mild infections (80%) is typically 2-3 weeks requiring supportive care. patients with secondary bact infections or pneumonia require antibiotics.

42
Q

how longs should dogs be isolated when they contract CIV

A

at least 4 weeks to prevent spread

43
Q

how can we control CIV

A

vaccines for H3N8 is available. vax for H3N2 is questionable and only available under the USDA

44
Q

how can we prevent the spread of CIV

A

good hygiene in clinics and boarding facilities are a key to preventing the spread - this virus is easily killed with disinfectants

One Health 3 (8 decks)

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