Lec 20 - Nipah virus, hantavirus, and canine influenza Flashcards
what are other names for Nipah virus
porcine respiratory and encephalitis syndrome (PRES), one mile cough, and barking pig syndrome
what is the scientific name for Nipah virus
henipavirus nipahense
what species are involved with Nipah virus
fruit bats, pigs, horses, cats, dogs, goats, and humans
where does Nipah virus live
outbreaks : malaysia, singapore, bangladesh, india, and the philippines
fruit bats carry the virus specifically in asia, the south pacific and Australia
what are the clinical signs of nipah virus in humans
fever, headache, cough, sore throat, difficulty breathing, muscle pain (myalgia), and vomiting
- later in infection some can experience neurologic signs, from encephalitis such as confusion, dizziness, seizures and drowsiness
what are the clinical signs animals develop from Nipah virus
Pigs: clinical signs vary depending on age and individual animal response. most pigs develop febrile resp dz, encephalitis (sows/boars), other neurologic signs, and death
- some animals may be asymptomatic.
- horses were reported to have developed acute, fatal neurological signs or die suddenly
what is the morbidity and mortality of nipah virus in humans
morbidity is high
mortality rate is around 40-75%
what is the morbidity and mortality of nipah virus in animals
morbidity is high for all age groups of pigs
mortality is low (except in piglets)
how is Nipah virus transmitted to humans
- direct contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids (saliva and urine)
- human to human contact: through close contact, bodily fluids and resp droplets
- consuming contaminated food and drink
- consuming undercooked meat
how is nipah virus transmitted through animals
fruit bats are the natural reservoir, so any direct contact or fomites can cause transmission
- bats to pigs though the ingestion of food and water contaminated with bat waste
- transmission btwn pigs occurs through direct contact and fomites
what is the treatment for Nipah virus
limited to hydration and supportive care
T/F nipah virus is a reportable disease
true
is nipah virus zoonotic
yes
what are other names for hantavirus
hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)
hemorrhagic fever and renal syndrome (HFRS)
what is the scientific name for hantavirus
orthohantavirus spp
what species are involved with hantavirus
humans and rodents (rats and mice)
where is old world hantavirus mostly found
Europe and Asia
where has the Seoul virus (causes HFRS) been documented
in the US
where is new world hantavirus found
in both north and south america
what are the clinical signs of hantavirus in rodents
hantaviruses do not appear to cause disease in the reservoir species (rodents)
what are the clinical signs of hantavirus in humans (either form HPS or HFRS)
fatigue, fever, headaches, dizziness, chills, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and muscle aches
in more severe cases: resp distress, pulmonary edema, multiorgan failure and death can occur
what are the morbidity/mortality of hantavirus in humans
HPS 38% of people who develop resp symptoms may die from disease
HFRS - depends on the strain
– hantaan and dobrava virus infections cause severe symptoms where 5-15% of cases are fatal
– seoul, saaremaa, and puumala virus infections are usually more moderate with less than 1% dying from dz
what diagnostic test it used to diagnose hantavirus
ELISA to detect IgM antibodies
what is the route of transmission for hantavirus
contact with rodent saliva, urine, and/or feces. the virus is easily aerosolized and breathing in the virus is the most common way to get infected
