Lec 23 - SARS, anthrax, campylobacteriosis

Question 1

what does SARS stand for

Answer 1

severe acute respiratory syndrome - related coronavirus

Question 2

When was SARS-coV 1: SARS and SARS-Cov 2: covid 19 present

Answer 2

1: 2003- 2004
2: 2019 - present

Question 3

what is the scientific name for SARS

Answer 3

coronaviridae, betacoronavirus sabecorvirus (SARS)

Question 4

what species are involved with SARS

Answer 4

SARS-Cov1 mainly affected humans but studies suggest it originated from bats and civets may acts as an IH and natural reservoir. SARS CoV-2 also mainly affects humans and likely also originated from bats but no intermediate host has yet been identified

• SARS CoV-2 has also been shown to be infective to many other species, including cats, dogs, ferrets, mink and deer but has only been transmitted from human to animals on very rare occasion unless acting as a fomite

Question 5

what is the geographic dist of SARS CoV- 1 and 2

Answer 5

originated in china and became worldwide

Question 6

what are the clinical symptoms of SARS cov-1

Answer 6

resembles the flu - fever. headaches, chills, muscle aches. cough, and potentially pneumonia

Question 7

what are the symptoms of SARS CoV- 2

Answer 7

CS are much more variable and can also include sore throat, congestion, difficulty breathing, loss of taste or smell, nausea and diarrhea.

Question 8

what are SARS CoV 2 develop into

Answer 8

a chronic illness called long covid - leading to acute heart injury, coagulation disorders, and neurologic disorders.

Question 9

what are the clinical signs of SARS in animals

Answer 9

fever, coughing, nasal/ocular discharge, vomiting, diarrhea, inappetence, and lethargy. both humans and animals can be asymptomatic carriers

Question 10

what is the morbidity/mortality of SARS CoV 1 and 2

Answer 10

SARS CoV 1: has a low morbidity and mortality as no cases have been reported since 2004

SARS CoV 2: global morbidity and mortality is dependent on socioeconomic factors; currently within the USA morbidity is high (exceeding 60%) and mortality is about 1-2% in humans.
- both morbidity and mortality is low in animals

Question 11

how is SARS transmitted

Answer 11

respiratory droplets and inhaled aerosols coming in contact with mucous membranes

Question 12

how is SARS prevented

Answer 12

biosecurity and good hygiene and vaccines

• there are no SARS CoV 2 vaccine for animals. there is a coronavirus vaccine for animals but for different strains

Question 13

what are some treatment for SARS

Answer 13

SARS Cov-1 was limited to supportive therapy

SARS CoV -2 treatment is only needed in severe cases and can include steroids, immunomodulators and the new antiviral medication Nirmatrelvir

• no FDA approved drugs for treatment in animals

Question 14

what is the common name for anthrax

Answer 14

woolsorter’s disease

Question 15

what is the scientific name of anthrax

Answer 15

bacillus anthracis

Question 16

what are the species involved with anthrax

Answer 16

humans, wildlife, livestock

Question 17

what is the geographic location for anthrax

Answer 17

Found in soil world wide but rare in the US
- common in asia, africa, and parts of the middle east; considered absent from certain countries in western Europe, North africa, and east of the mississippi river

Question 18

what are the clinical signs of anthrax in humans

Answer 18

there are 4 clinical manifestations based on transmission

• cutaneous: most common: skin lesions - central scar and marked non-pitting edema (common in face neck, arms and back) fever and leukocytosis
• respiratory - most fatal and rare form: leads to fatal septicemia and or death.
  ——– acute signs: resp symptoms, feeling unwell, muscle pain, fatigue, fever, dyspnea, hypoxia, and hypotension.
  ——— severe: resp symptoms, cyanosis, jaundice, elevated liver enzymes and resp distress
  post mortem lesions: bleeding mediastinitis (mediastinal edema) and septicemia with bacteria

gastrointestinal: fever, swollen lymph nodes, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain, red eyes

injection: in northern Europe: due to injection of illicit drugs - deep under the skin or at muscle injection site - almost the same as cutaneous

Question 19

what are the clinical signs of anthrax in animals

Answer 19

two forms - acute and peracute

peracute: dyspnea, convulsions, staggering when walking - all eventually leading to death

acute: lethargic, seizures, staggering, difficulty breathing, and death. horses: colic and swelling along the dorsal side of the body from the neck to the genitals

Question 20

what is the mortality rate of anthrax

Answer 20

mortality rate is extremely high >85%

Question 21

how is anthrax transmitted

Answer 21

exposure to spores within the environment or opening or caracasses of animals exposed to the bacterium; contact with infected animals or animal products; no humans to human cases and is rare and random in humans

Question 22

what is the treatment/ control for anthrax

Answer 22

antibiotics, anti-anthrax serum, vaccination, and management of carcasses

Question 23

is anthrax zoonotic

Answer 23

yes

Question 24

t/f anthrax is a bioterrorism threat

Answer 24

true

Question 25

what is the scientific name of campylobacteriosis

Answer 25

campylobacter (26 species) C.jejuni being the most common. may also see C.coli, C. upsaliensis, C.fetus

Question 26

species involved with campylobacter

Answer 26

humans, domesticated and wild animals including cattle, birds, reptiles, shellfish, dogs, cats, sheep, pigs, ferrets, and monkeys

Question 27

what is the geographic location of campylobacter

Answer 27

widespread ecological distribution in developed and developing countries

Question 28

what are the clinical sigs of campylobacter in humans

Answer 28

diarrhea, hematochezia, fever, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. complications include irritable bowel syndrome, arthritis, and guillain-barre syndrome.

Question 29

what are the clinical signs of campylobacter in animals

Answer 29

usually noticeable CS are seen. symptomatic animals are similar to humans

Question 30

what is the morbidity/mortality of campylobacter

Answer 30

in humans generally mild and self-limiting. more severe in elderly, immunocompromised, children, pregnant people and international travelers.

mortality rate is 200 deaths per year, it causes ~1.5 million human illnesses each year in the US. about 15% is associated with international travel

disease in animals is most common in stressed animals less than 6 months of age

Question 31

how is campylobacter transmitted

Answer 31

predominantly foodborne; undercooked meat and meat products, or raw/contaminated milk

*** contaminated or undercooked poultry is a major source. contaminated water or ice is also a source of infection , commonly following contact during recreational activity.

rarely person to person transmission through fecal oral route

Question 32

campylobacter spp have what kind of infectious dose

Answer 32

low - less then 500 organisms can cause disease

Question 33

is campylobacter zoonotic

Answer 33

yes

Question 34

what is the treatment/ control of campylobacter

Answer 34

self-limiting disease, supportive care if severe (IV fluids). antibiotics prescribed in severe cases. hygiene management is important.

• take precautions when preparing food. drink water and pasteurized milk

Question 35

what kind of bacteria is campylobacter

Answer 35

gram- negative curved/ spiral rod- shaped bacterium

Question 36

what is the one health impact of campylobacter

Answer 36

it is 1 or 4 global causes of diarrheal diseases and is the most common bacterial cause of human gastroenteritis worldwide. developing and rural areas have increased incidence.

climate change may be linked to an increasing number of cases