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Immunology and Inflammation > Lec 15/16 > Flashcards

Lec 15/16 Flashcards

1
Q

what are some specific examples of biologics?

A

therapeutic proteins, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccines

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2
Q

A monoclonal antibody (MAb) is an antibody synthesized from:

a. multiple copies of A-lymphocytes or stem cells
b. a single clone of B-lymphocytes or plasma cells
c. a single clone of B-lymphocytes or stem cells
d. fused and unfused cells produced by hybridomas

A

b

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3
Q

Type 1 IFN-a is produced by what cell?

A

lymphocytes

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4
Q

Type 1 IFN-b is produced by what cell?

A

fibroblasts

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5
Q

Type 2 IFN-y is produced by what cell?

A

lymphocytes

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6
Q

which cytokine plays a major role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

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7
Q

which two monoclonal antibodies bind to TNF to neutralize it?

a. Marbunimab
b. Infliximab
c. Galiximab
d. Rastibilimab
e. Etanercept
f. Adalimumab

A

b, f

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8
Q

Cryopyrin-Associated Period Symptom (CAPS) is caused by the overproduction of which cytokine?
what is CAPS?

A

IL-1b

inflammatory reactions with rashes, fevers or chills, redness of eyes, joint pain, and adolescent deafness

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9
Q

what is Rilonacept? what does it do?
Drug class?
What does it treat?

A

a fusion protein containing the IL-1 receptor
binds and neutralizes IL-1
Anti-inflamm
CAPS

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10
Q

what is Canakinumab? what does it do?
Drug class?
What does it treat?

A

a humanized monoclonal antibody directed at IL-1β
blocks effects of IL-1β
Anti-inflamm
CAPS

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11
Q

what is Anakinra? what does it do?
Drug class?
What does it treat?

A

an IL-1 receptor antagonist
blocks intracellular signaling
Immunosuppressant
Rheumatoid arthritis

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12
Q

what does radiation therapy do for immunosupression?

A

suppresses stem cells in bone marrow

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13
Q

which drugs are glucocorticoids that suppress the immune system after an organ transplant?

A

prednisone and methylprednisolone

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14
Q

which drugs are Calcineurin/mTOR Inhibitors that suppress the immune system after an organ transplant?

A

Cyclosporine, Tacrolimus, and rapamycin

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15
Q

which drugs are Antimetabolites that suppress the immune system after an organ transplant?

A

azathioprine and mycophenolate

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16
Q

how do corticosteroids suppress T cells?

A

prevent cytokine production

17
Q

how do corticosteroids suppress B cells?

A

prevent binding of interleukins to B cells

18
Q

how do corticosteroids suppress neutrophils?

A

inhibit adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and release of toxic substances

19
Q

how do corticosteroids suppress macrophages?

A

makes them less able to do phagocytosis

20
Q

corticosteroids decrease production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes by inhibiting cyclooxygenase and phospholipase A2, what does this do?

A

decreases production of pro-inflammatory metabolites

21
Q

how do Glucocorticoids help with covid-19?

A

they manage inflammation in the lungs and reduce progression of respiratory failure

22
Q

what effect does cyclosporine have on T cells?
as a reminder, what does IL-2 do?
thus, what resulting impact does cyclosporine have on T cells?

A

inhibits antigen-triggered signal transduction to prevent expression of lymphokines such as IL-2
T-cell proliferation
prevents T-cell proliferation

23
Q

cyclosporine increases expression of transforming

growth factor β (TGF-β). what is this?

A

a potent inhibitor of IL-2

24
Q

what effect does tacrolimus have on T cells?

A

it has an identical effect to cyclosporine with a different mechanism of action

25
Q

what effect does rapamycin have on T cells?

what enzyme does it bind to and why is it important towards its effect on T cells?

A

inhibits activation and proliferation

mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) which inhibits it to prevent proliferation

26
Q

what effect does everolimus have on T cells?

A

it has an identical effect to rapamycin

27
Q

what is azathioprine used for?

A

kidney transplants and rheumatoid arthritis

28
Q

what effect does Mycophenolate have on lymphocytes?

A

inhibits proliferation

29
Q

what is Belatacept?

it prevents T cell activation by mimicking CTLA4, why is this important?

A

drug used to prevent organ rejection in adult kidney transplant patients
by mimicking CTLA4 it inhibits activation of T cells which would occur due to organ rejection. In short, T cells do not get activated since drug makes them unaware that the transplanted organ is foreign to the body

30
Q

What does cyclosporine treat?

A

Organ transplant rejection and rheumatoid arthritis

31
Q

What are Everolimus and rapamycin used for?

A

Prevent rejection after kidney transplant

Immunology and Inflammation (12 decks)

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