Lec 15/16 Flashcards
what are some specific examples of biologics?
therapeutic proteins, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccines
A monoclonal antibody (MAb) is an antibody synthesized from:
a. multiple copies of A-lymphocytes or stem cells
b. a single clone of B-lymphocytes or plasma cells
c. a single clone of B-lymphocytes or stem cells
d. fused and unfused cells produced by hybridomas
b
Type 1 IFN-a is produced by what cell?
lymphocytes
Type 1 IFN-b is produced by what cell?
fibroblasts
Type 2 IFN-y is produced by what cell?
lymphocytes
which cytokine plays a major role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis?
tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
which two monoclonal antibodies bind to TNF to neutralize it?
a. Marbunimab
b. Infliximab
c. Galiximab
d. Rastibilimab
e. Etanercept
f. Adalimumab
b, f
Cryopyrin-Associated Period Symptom (CAPS) is caused by the overproduction of which cytokine?
what is CAPS?
IL-1b
inflammatory reactions with rashes, fevers or chills, redness of eyes, joint pain, and adolescent deafness
what is Rilonacept? what does it do?
Drug class?
What does it treat?
a fusion protein containing the IL-1 receptor
binds and neutralizes IL-1
Anti-inflamm
CAPS
what is Canakinumab? what does it do?
Drug class?
What does it treat?
a humanized monoclonal antibody directed at IL-1β
blocks effects of IL-1β
Anti-inflamm
CAPS
what is Anakinra? what does it do?
Drug class?
What does it treat?
an IL-1 receptor antagonist
blocks intracellular signaling
Immunosuppressant
Rheumatoid arthritis
what does radiation therapy do for immunosupression?
suppresses stem cells in bone marrow
which drugs are glucocorticoids that suppress the immune system after an organ transplant?
prednisone and methylprednisolone
which drugs are Calcineurin/mTOR Inhibitors that suppress the immune system after an organ transplant?
Cyclosporine, Tacrolimus, and rapamycin
which drugs are Antimetabolites that suppress the immune system after an organ transplant?
azathioprine and mycophenolate
how do corticosteroids suppress T cells?
prevent cytokine production
how do corticosteroids suppress B cells?
prevent binding of interleukins to B cells
how do corticosteroids suppress neutrophils?
inhibit adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and release of toxic substances
how do corticosteroids suppress macrophages?
makes them less able to do phagocytosis
corticosteroids decrease production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes by inhibiting cyclooxygenase and phospholipase A2, what does this do?
decreases production of pro-inflammatory metabolites
how do Glucocorticoids help with covid-19?
they manage inflammation in the lungs and reduce progression of respiratory failure
what effect does cyclosporine have on T cells?
as a reminder, what does IL-2 do?
thus, what resulting impact does cyclosporine have on T cells?
inhibits antigen-triggered signal transduction to prevent expression of lymphokines such as IL-2
T-cell proliferation
prevents T-cell proliferation
cyclosporine increases expression of transforming
growth factor β (TGF-β). what is this?
a potent inhibitor of IL-2
what effect does tacrolimus have on T cells?
it has an identical effect to cyclosporine with a different mechanism of action
what effect does rapamycin have on T cells?
what enzyme does it bind to and why is it important towards its effect on T cells?
inhibits activation and proliferation
mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) which inhibits it to prevent proliferation
what effect does everolimus have on T cells?
it has an identical effect to rapamycin
what is azathioprine used for?
kidney transplants and rheumatoid arthritis
what effect does Mycophenolate have on lymphocytes?
inhibits proliferation
what is Belatacept?
it prevents T cell activation by mimicking CTLA4, why is this important?
drug used to prevent organ rejection in adult kidney transplant patients
by mimicking CTLA4 it inhibits activation of T cells which would occur due to organ rejection. In short, T cells do not get activated since drug makes them unaware that the transplanted organ is foreign to the body
What does cyclosporine treat?
Organ transplant rejection and rheumatoid arthritis
What are Everolimus and rapamycin used for?
Prevent rejection after kidney transplant
