Exam 3 Lec 14 Flashcards
define what a virulence factor is
they are cellular structures that: -help bacteria colonize humans -" " evade immune response -" " inhibit immune response -" " enter in/out of cells =" " obtain nutrients from host
what are some specific examples from class that virulence factors allow?
- bacterial attachment to mammalian cells
- polysaccharide capsules that surround pneumococcus and Pseudomonas and prevent phagocytosis
- allow toxins to be produced or released from gram-positive/negative bacteria
what are the three types of toxins called that are produced by bacteria?
exotoxins
endotoxins
enterotoxins
what type of bacteria secrete exotoxins and what do exotoxins do?
gram-positive bacteria
-destroys mammalian cells or disrupt cellular function
what type of bacteria have endotoxins? what is it? what does it do? when would it be secreted?
- gram-negative
- a lipopolysaccharide component of the bacterial cell wall
- contributes to septic or endotoxic shock
- secreted upon death of bacteria
what secretes enterotoxins?
what bacteria produces a potent enterotoxin and what is the result?
- molecules that cause food poisoning and diarrhea
- E coli causes severe diarrhea, dehydration, and death
what are two examples of exotoxins which we have developed vaccines to protect against?
diphtheria toxin and tetanus toxin
staphylococcal, cholera, and clostridia are all examples of bacteria that produce which type of toxin?
enterotoxins
what do adjuvants do when implemented into vaccines?
they stimulate systemic immunity and cause a slow release of antigen to continuously stimulate the immune system for a long period of time
what do mucosal adjuvants do?
they complex with the antigen and deliver it to M cells which transport the antigen into the lymphatic area
what are aluminum salts? what are they used in? what do they do?
systemic adjuvants which are used in vaccines to stimulate systemic immunity
what vaccines use aluminum salts?
DPT, pneumococcal, hep A, papilloma, anthrax, and rabies
the vaccine containing Freund’s adjuvants contains what dead bacterium? which type of adjuvant is it?
tuberculosis
systemic adjuvant
muramyl peptides are a systemic adjuvant which contain what?
a Mycobacterium cell wall fragment
what is a monophosphoryl lipid A? what type of adjuvant is it? which vaccine is it found in?
a detoxified endotoxin lipid
it is a mucosal adjuvant found in hep B vaccines
which method of vaccine administration will stimulate systemic immunity in the spleen, lymph nodes, and peripheral blood?
intramuscular or subcutaneous
define what mucosal vaccines do
stimulate local immune responses to microbes at the point of entry into the body
how do live-attenuated vaccines work?
use a weakened form of germ to create a long-lasting immune response
what are examples of live-attenuated vaccines?
measles, mumps, rubella, rotavirus, smallpox, chickenpox, yellow fever
how do inactivated vaccines work?
use killed version of germ and usually require several doses over time for continuous immunity
what are examples of inactivated vaccines?
hep A, flu, polio, rabies
how do Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines work?
use specific pieces of germ to give a strong immune response
what are examples of Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines?
hep B, HPV, whooping cough, pneumococcal, meningococcal, shingles
how do toxoid vaccines work?
use a toxin made by germ where immunity is produced to protect against said toxin, not the germ itself
what are examples of toxoid vaccines?
Tdap
define simple vaccine
contains only one kind of antigen
define multivalent vaccine
contains two or more kinds of antigens that cause the same disease
define polyvalent vaccine
contains two or more kinds of antigens that cause different diseases
define single-dose vaccine
vaccine only needed once during life time
define multiple-dosing regimen
several doses needed to get full protection
define booster dose
needed to reinforce protection
