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PHYSIO II Exam #1 - Lo > Lec 06- Auditory Senses > Flashcards

Lec 06- Auditory Senses Flashcards

1
Q

What is the conduction pathway sequence?

A
  • TM
  • Malleus
  • incus
  • Stapes
  • Oval window
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2
Q

What is the difference between he TM SA and that of the stapes?

A 
TM = 55
Stapes = 3.2

TM SA is 17x Stapes

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3
Q

What does the increased SA of the TM do?

A

increases force from the ossicular lever system to the cochlear fluid by 22x

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4
Q

Why does the TM need a greater force?

A
  • fluid has greater inertia than air

- increase in force needed to cause vibration in the fluid

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5
Q

What provides the impedance matching between the air and fluid?

A

TM and Auditory ossicles

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6
Q

How would hearing sensitivity be affected in the absence of the ossicular system and the TM?

A

affected negatively (look up)

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7
Q

Which muscle pulls the handles of the malleus inward?

A

tensor tympani

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8
Q

What muscle pulls the stapes outward?

A

Stapedius

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9
Q

What effect do the Tensor Tympani muscle and the Stapedius muscle cause for the ossicular system?

A

-

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10
Q

What is the function of the attenuation reflex?

A

-

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11
Q

What effect do the Tensor Tympani muscle and Stapedius muscle have on a person’s sensitivity to his or her own speech?

A
  • Protects a little from loud noises

- Makes you alert of your own voice

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12
Q

What consists of 3 side-by-side coiled tubes?

A

cochlea

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13
Q

What are the 3 coiled tubes of the cochlea?

A
  • Scala vestibuli
  • Scala media
  • Scala tympani
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14
Q

What are the 4 major components of the cochlea?

A
  • Scala vestibuli
  • Scala media
  • Scala tympani
  • Reissner’s (vestibular) membrane
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15
Q

What does the Reissner’s membrane separate?

A
  • Scala media

- Scala vestibuli

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16
Q

Why are the scala media and vestibule considered to be a single chamber as far as sound conduction is concerned?

A

because of the thinness of Reissner’s membrane

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17
Q

What does Reissner’s membrane maintain within the Scala Media?

A

a special fluid (secreted by Stria Vascularis)

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18
Q

What does the Basilar membrane separate?

A
  • Scala Media

- Scala Tympani

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19
Q

What contains 20,000-30,000 fibers that project from the modiolus of the cochlea to the outer wall?

A

basilar membrane

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20
Q

The distal ends of the fibers are not fixed but are ___________ in the basilar membrane

A

embedded

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21
Q

Can the fibers in the basilar membrane vibrate?

A

YES

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22
Q

Where does the length of the basilar fibers increase?

A

from the oval window to the apex of the cochlea (hemicotrema)

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23
Q

Where does the diameter of the fibers decrease?

A

from the oval window to the apex of the cochlea

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24
Q

What is the result of the basilar fiber length increasing and the diameter decreasing?

A
  • Stiff, short fibers near the oval window will beat at high frequency (base)
  • Long, limber fibers near the apex of the cochlea will vibrate at low frequency (apex)
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25
Q

Where does high frequency resonance of the basilar membrane occur?

A

base of cochlea

26
Q

Where does low frequency resonance of basilar membrane occur?

A

apex of cochlea (helicotrema)

27
Q

What generates nerve impulses in response to vibration of basilar membrane?

A

Organ of Corti

28
Q

What are the sensory receptors of the Organ of Corti?

A
  • hair cells

- protruding fibrous processes

29
Q

How many rows of internal hair cells are in the Organ of Corti?

A

single row of internal hair cells

3,500

12um diameter

30
Q

How many rows of external hair cells are in the Organ of Corti?

A

3-4 rows of external hair cells

12,000

8um diamiter

31
Q

What do the outer hair cells do with vibrations?

A

rise

32
Q

What do hair cells stimulate?

A

nerve fibers that lead to the spiral ganglion of Corti

33
Q

Where are stereocilia in the Organ of Corti?

A

stereo cilia from hair cells touch or are embedded in the overlying tectorial membrane

34
Q

What happens when the hairs bend ing one direction?

A

they are depolarized

-hyperpolarized when they are bent in the opposite direction

35
Q

What creates a rigid unit in the Organ of Corti?

A

Outer ends of hair cells are:

  • Tightly attached to reticular lamina
  • Supported by Rods of Cotri (attached to the basilar fibers)
36
Q

Where do neurons in the ganglia send axons?

A

into the upper level of the medulla

via the cochlear nerve CN8

37
Q

What causes movement of the reticular lamina?

A

movement of the basilar fiber

38
Q

What does movement of the reticular lamina cause?

A

shearing forces on the hair cells against the tectorial membrane

39
Q

What happens to the hair cells whenever the basilar membrane moves?

A

hair cells get excited

40
Q

How many stereocilia does each hair cell have on its apical border?

A

100

41
Q

Where are sterocilia longer?

A

on the side farther from the modiolus

42
Q

What happens when cilia are bent in the direction of the longer ones?

A

tensile force is created on the shorter cilia

43
Q

What happens as a result of the tensile force on the shorter cilia?

A

1- Creates a mechanical transduction

2- Opens 200-300 K+ channels

3- Depolarization of the hair cell membrane

4- Creates more (-) internal environment

5- Repolarization

44
Q

What fills the Scala media?

A

endolymph

45
Q

What fills the Scala vestibuli and Scala tympani?

A

perilymph

46
Q

What does the endolymph contain?

A

High [K+]

Low [Na+]

47
Q

What does the perilymph contain?

A

Low [K+]

High [Na+]

48
Q

What is the voltage difference (Endocochlear potential) between the Endolymph and Perilymph?

A

+80mV (Scala media is positive)

-70 - (-150) = +80

49
Q

Where do the tops of hair cells project?

A

through the Reticular Lamina

Bathed by Endolymph

50
Q

What surrounds the lower bodies of hair cells?

A

Perilymph

51
Q

What is the intracellular potential of hair cells with respect to the Endolymph?

A

-70 mV

52
Q

What is the intracellular potential of hair cells with respect to the Perilymph?

A

-150 mV

53
Q

What is the place principle?

A
  • the nervous system detects sound frequencies by determining positions along the basilar membrane that are most stimulated
  • sends impulses into the medulla
  • creates auditory image of what is going on in the environment
54
Q

How does the auditory system determine loudness?

A

-

55
Q

What is a decibel?

A

1/10th of a bell

log system

56
Q

How does the frequency range that can be heard change with age?

A

-

57
Q

What are the 6 components of the nervous system pathway?

A
  • Spiral organ of corgi (where AP generated)
  • Dorsal/Ventral cochlear nuclei (in medulla)
  • Superior olivary nucleus
  • Lateral lemniscus’ nucleus
  • Medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus)
  • Auditory cortex
58
Q

Where does decussation occur between right and left auditory nervous system pathways?

A
  • lower medulla

- trapezoid body

59
Q

What is the relationship between the auditory tracts and the RAS?

A

RAS = associated with arousal states

Sound affects RAS

60
Q

Where is the auditory cortex located?

A
  • Along temporal lobe below central sulcus

- Near areas that detect high and low frequency

61
Q

What are the characteristics of primary auditory cortex and the auditory association areas?

A

Close to the Wernicke’s area

5th lobe

creates deep fold of gray matter

62
Q

What happens to decibels as frequency increases?

A

decibels decrease

PHYSIO II Exam #1 - Lo (8 decks)

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