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PHYSIO II Exam #1 - Lo > Lec 01B- CNS Organization > Flashcards

Lec 01B- CNS Organization Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 parts of the CNS?

A
  • brain

- spinal cord

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2
Q

What are the 2 parts of the PNS?

A
  • cranial nerves

- spinal nerves

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3
Q

What are the 2 parts of the ANS?

A
  • sympathetic

- parasympathetic

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4
Q

What are the 3 functions of the brain?

A
  • sorts through and properly routes incoming sensory information
  • Initiates, controls, and coordinates most muscular activity except simple reflexes
  • site of CN
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5
Q

What 4 CN carry parasympathetic fibers?

A

3, 7, 9, 10

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6
Q

The spinal cord is the 1st CNS structure encountered by most incoming sensory information except _____________

A

sensory fibers in CN

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7
Q

The spinal cord is the last relay station for most motor information except __________

A

ANS motor fibers

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8
Q

The spinal cord is the site of coordination of most _________

A

reflex arcs

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9
Q

Afferent (sensory) pathways carry information _______ the CNS

A

to

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10
Q

Efferent (motor) pathways carry information ________ the CNS

A

from

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11
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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12
Q

The ANS is entirely ________

A

motor

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13
Q

What does the ANS innervate?

A

smooth muscle and glands (viscera)

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14
Q

Which ANS subdivision is also called thoracolumbar?

A

sympathetic

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15
Q

Which ANS subdivision is also called craniosacral?

A

parasympathetic

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16
Q

What is the cell body?

A
  • trophic unit

- perikaryon

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17
Q

What are the dendrites?

A

receptive unit

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18
Q

What is the axon?

A

conductive unit

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19
Q

What part of the neuron encloses the nucleus and other organelles necessary to maintain and repair the neuron?

A

cell body

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20
Q

What have receptors for nt and conduct local potentials?

A

dendrites

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21
Q

What conducts AP and releases nt?

A

axon

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22
Q

What are telodendria?

A

short branched processes at the end of axons

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23
Q

What do telodendria give off?

A

terminal boutons

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24
Q

What do terminal boutons contain?

A

sympathetic vesicles filled with nt

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25
Q

What kind of branches may axons have?

A

collateral branches

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26
Q

What does the axon contain?

A
  • mitochondria
  • neurofilaments
  • neurotubules
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27
Q

What covers an axon?

A

neurolemma

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28
Q

What is the neurolemma made of?

A
  • Schwann cells

- often myelinated

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29
Q

What part of the neuron is myelinated?

A

axon

**not all axons are myelinated

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30
Q

What is an aggregation of dendrites and nerve cell bodies in the CNS?

A

nucleus

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31
Q

What is an aggregation of dendrites and nerve cell bodies in the PNS?

A

ganglion

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32
Q

What is a bundle of fibers/axons in the PNS?

A

nerve

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33
Q

What is a bundle of fibers/axons in the CNS?

A

tract

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34
Q

What is the tract n the CNS that crosses from one side to the other?

A

commissure

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35
Q

What areas are white matter?

A

myelinated axons

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36
Q

What areas are gray matter?

A

unmyelinated axons, cell bodies, dendrites

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37
Q

What are the 2 major branches of spinal nerves?

A
  • dorsal primary ramus

- ventral primary ramus

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38
Q

What are the 2 small branches that the thoracolumbar spinal nerves branch into before branching into primary rami?

A
  • white ramus communicans

- gray ramus communicans

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39
Q

What kind of fibers do the white ramus communicans carry?

A

myelinated prganglionic fibers

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40
Q

What kind of fibers do the gray ramus communicans carry?

A

unmyelinated postganglionic fibers back to the spinal nerve

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41
Q

What are the 3 spinal nerve ganglia?

A
  • paravertebral ganglia
  • splanchnic nerve
  • prevertebral ganglion
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42
Q

What is the site of cell bodies of postganglionic sympathetic nerves?

A

paravertebral ganglia

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43
Q

What is the site of synapses between preganglionic myelinated sympathetic neurons and postganglionic non-myelinated neurons?

A

prevertebral ganglia

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44
Q

What does the splanchnic nerve supply?

A

viscera

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45
Q

What ganglia links together into a long chain on either side of the vertebral column in the thoracolumbar region?

A

paravertebral ganglia

46
Q

What ganglia are typically found anterior to the abdominal aorta?

A

prevertebral ganglia

47
Q

What is the site of synapses between preganglionic myelinated sympathetic neurons and postganglionic non-myelinated sympathetic neurons?

A

paravertebral ganglia

48
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A
  • pathway that leaves from and returns to the CNS

- sensory and motor pathway

49
Q

Where do somatic afferent pathways carry sensations from?

A

non-visceral structures

skin and skeletal muscle

50
Q

Where do visceral (splanchnic) afferent pathways carry sensations from?

A

viscera

51
Q

Where do somatic efferent pathways carry motor signals to?

A

skeletal muscles

52
Q

Where do visceral (splanchnic) motor pathways carry motor signals to?

A

smooth or cardiac muscles

53
Q

What are interneurons?

A
  • intervening neurons

- modulate interaction between afferent and efferent neurons

54
Q

What are the 3 components of a synapse?

A
  • presynaptic membrane
  • synaptic cleft
  • postsynaptic memrbane
55
Q

What do monsynaptic pathways consist of?

A

only afferent and efferent neurons

**single synapse

56
Q

What do polysynaptic pathways consist of?

A
  • interneurons
  • afferent and efferent neurons

**multiple synapses

57
Q

What is the resting cell body potential?

A

-65 mV

58
Q

What is the excited cell body potential?

A

-45 mV

More (+) due to Na influx

59
Q

What is the inhibited cell body potential?

A

-70 mV

More (-) due to Cl- influx or K+ efflux

60
Q

What causes superimposed AP?

A

simultaneous firing of many synapses on the postsynaptic neuron

61
Q

What is the somatosensory axis?

A

sequence of structures involved in the transmission of a sensory signal from the peripheral receptors to higher brain centers

62
Q

What are the 7 components of the somatosensory axis?

A 
1- Peripheral receptors
2- Afferent neurons
3- Spinal cord/brainstem
4- Reticular substance (medulla, pons, mesencephalon)
5- Cerebellum
6- Thalamus
7- Somesthetic areas of cerebral cortex
63
Q

Where do the primary afferent neurons synapse?

A

posterior horns of the spinal cord or sensory nuclei in the brain

64
Q

Where do the secondary afferent neurons synapse?

A

thalamus

65
Q

Where do the tertiary afferent neurons synapse?

A

somesthetic areas of cerebral cortex

66
Q

What is the skeletal motor nerve axis?

A

sequence of structures involved in the transmission of an AP from higher brain centers to skeletal muscles

67
Q

What are the 3 components of the skeletal motor nerve axis?

A

1- Motor cortex of cerebrum
2- Efferent pathways (upper and alpha motor neurons)
3- Effectors (skeletal muscles)

68
Q

What are the efferent pathways of the skeletal motor nerve axis made up of?

A
  • Upper motor neurons extending from cortical areas to the anterior horns of the spinal cord
  • Alpha (lower) motor neurons extending to the skeletal muscles
69
Q

Why do smooth muscles and glands have a different pattern of AP transmission than skeletal muscles?

A

they are supplied by the ANS

70
Q

What 3 structures contain the processing areas of the skeletal motor nerve axis?

A

1- basal ganglia (nuclei) in the telencephalon
2- thalamus in the diencephalon
3- spinal cord reflexes

71
Q

What are the 3 basal ganglia in the telencephalon?

A
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
  • subthalamic nuclei
72
Q

What 6 areas secrete Ach?

A

1- Pyramidal cells (cerebral cortex)
2- Some neurons in basal nuclei
3- Alpha motor neurons
4- Preganglionic neurons of ANS
5- Postganglionic neurons of parasympathetic system
6- Some postganglionic neurons of sympathetic system

73
Q

Is Ach excitatory or inhibitory?

A

excitatory

74
Q

What 3 areas secrete NE?

A

1- Neurons in brain stem and hypothalamus
2- Neurons located in pons (locus ceruleus)
3- Most postganglionic neurons of sympathetic system

75
Q

Is NE excitatory or inhibitory?

A

either excitatory or inhibitory

76
Q

What secretes dopamine?

A

most neurons originating in the substantial nigra

77
Q

Is dopamine excitatory or inhibitory?

A

inhibitory

78
Q

What secretes glycine?

A

synapses in the spinal cord

79
Q

Is glycine excitatory or inhibitory?

A

inhibitory

80
Q

What secretes GABA?

A

many areas in the spinal cord and cerebral cortex

81
Q

Is GABA excitatory or inhibitory?

A

inhibitory

82
Q

What 2 areas secrete glutamate?

A
  • many sensory pathways entering the CNS

- many areas of cerebral cortex

83
Q

Is glutamate excitatory or inhibitory?

A

excitatory

84
Q

Where can dendrites receive signals from?

A

a large spatial area around a motor neuron

85
Q

What do dendrites use instead of transmitting APs?

A

electronic conduction

86
Q

What are dendritic membranes partially permeable to?

A

K+

Cl-

87
Q

Why is much of the potential lost on dendrites?

A

because of leakage of ions

88
Q

What kind of conduction results from the gradual loss of the potential as the depolarization spreads from the site of initiation?

A

decremental conduction

89
Q

Do APs decrease in strength?

A

NO

90
Q

What is electronic conduction?

A

Direct spread of electrical current by ion conduction in the dendritic fluids without generating an AP

91
Q

What are the 2 dendritic characteristics that result in electronic conduction?

A
  • Few VG-Na+ channels in dendritic membranes

- Thresholds = too high for AP to occur

92
Q

What is the excitatory state?

A

The summated degree of excitatory drive to the neuron

93
Q

When does the excitatory state occur?

A

when there is a higher degree of excitation compared to inhibition

94
Q

When does the inhibitory state occur?

A

when there is a higher degree of inhibition compared to the excitation

95
Q

When will the neuron fire repetitively?

A

as long as the excitatory rate of a neuron remains above the threshold for excitation

96
Q

What does the firing rate depend on?

A

the normal excitatory rate and the changes in that rate due to superimposition of additional excitatory or inhibitory signals

97
Q

What 5 things does the synaptic delay depend on?

A

1- Time it takes to release nt from presynaptic neuron
2- Time it takes for nt to diffuse across synaptic cleft
3- How nt acts on the postsynaptic membrane
4- Time it takes for receptor to increase membrane permeability
5- Time it takes for inward diffusion of Na+ ions

98
Q

What are the 2 sources of blood for the brain?

A
  • vertebral arteries

- internal carotids

99
Q

What do the vertebral arteries ascend through?

A

transverse foramina of CV 1-6

100
Q

What do the vertebral arteries pass through?

A

foramen magnum

101
Q

Where do the vertebral arteries unite?

A

at the caudal border of the pons to form the basilar artery

102
Q

What does the basilar artery give off?

A

cerebellar arteries

Then it divides into 2 posterior cerebral arteries

103
Q

Where are the vertebral arteries located?

A

1st branches of the subclavian arteries

104
Q

Where are the internal carotids located?

A

terminal branches of the common carotids

105
Q

What do the internal carotids enter through?

A

enter the cranial cavity through carotid canal in temporal bone

106
Q

What is the Circle of Willis?

A
  • on ventral surface of brain

- unites the 2 vertebral arteries and the 2 internal carotid arteries

107
Q

What are the 5 components of the Circle of Willis?

A 
1- Posterior cerebral arteries
2- Posterior communicating arteries
3- Internal carotids
4- Anterior cerebral arteries
5- Anterior communicating artery (unpaired)
108
Q

What are the posterior cerebral arteries?

A

terminal branches of the basilar artery

109
Q

What do the posterior communicating arteries connect?

A

posterior cerebral arteries to the internal carotids

110
Q

What does the internal carotids give off?

A

the anterior and middle cerebral arteries

111
Q

What do the anterior cerebral arteries branch off from?

A

the internal carotids

112
Q

What does the anterior communicating artery connect?

A

the 2 anterior cerebral arteries

PHYSIO II Exam #1 - Lo (8 decks)

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