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PHYSIO II Exam #1 - Lo > Lec 02- Brain Function > Flashcards

Lec 02- Brain Function Flashcards

1
Q

How many neurons are in the cerebral cortex?

A

100 billion

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2
Q

What are the 3 shapes of neurons?

A
  • granular (stellate)
  • fusiform
  • pyramidal
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3
Q

What are the characteristics of granular neurons?

A
  • Short axons
  • Interneurons
  • Excitatory and inhibitory
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4
Q

What causes granular neurons to be excitatory?

A

glutamate

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5
Q

What causes granular neurons to be inhibitory?

A

GABA

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6
Q

Which are the smaller output neurons?

A

fusiform

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7
Q

Which are the larger output neurons?

A

pyramidal

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8
Q

Which cerebral cortex layer is responsible for the termination of most incoming specific sensory signals?

A

4

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9
Q

Which cerebral cortex layer is the origin of most output signals?

A

5 and 6

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10
Q

Which cerebral cortex layer has fibers that go to the thalamus?

A

6

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11
Q

Which cerebral cortex layers have intercortical association functions?

A

1, 2, 3

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12
Q

What happens to the functions of the corresponding cortical areas when the thalamic connections are cut?

A

they become almost entirely lost

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13
Q

What are the 2 sensation areas?

A
  • lateral geniculate body

- medial geniculate body

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14
Q

What is the later geniculate body do?

A
  • Relays visual information from the retina to the brain

- Thalamus

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15
Q

What is the medial geniculate body important for?

A
  • Hearing

- Wernicke’s area

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16
Q

Which cortical area has direct connections with specific muscles?

A

Primary motor area

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17
Q

Which cortical area detects specific sensations?

A

Primary sensory area

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18
Q

Which cortical area provides patterns of motor activity?

A

secondary motor area

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19
Q

Which cortical area analyzes meanings of specific sensory signals?

A

secondary sensory area

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20
Q

What do association areas do?

A

receive and analyze signals simultaneously from multiple motor and sensory cortices

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21
Q

What are the 3 major association areas?

A
  • Parieto-occipitotemporal
  • Prefrontal
  • Limbic
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22
Q

What are the 4 sub-areas of the Parieto-occipitotemporal association area?

A
  • Area for analysis of spatial coordinates
  • Wernicke’s area
  • Angular gyrus area
  • Area for naming objects
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23
Q

What are the functions of the prefrontal association area?

A
  • Receives pre-analyzed sensory information necessary for planning effective movement
  • Carries out “thought” processes in the mind
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24
Q

Where does the sensory information go after entering the prefrontal association area?

A

passes through caudate portion of the basal ganglia

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25
Q

What does Broca’s area do?

A

provides circuitry for word formation

26
Q

What side is the Broca’s area almost always dominant on?

A

Left side of brain

27
Q

What is the limbic association area concerned with?

A
  • behavior
  • emotions
  • motivation
28
Q

What is Wernicke’s area involved in?

A

language comprehension

29
Q

What is the occipital portion of facial recognition area next to?

A

visual cortex

30
Q

What association area is the temporal portion of the facial recognition area closely associated with?

A

limbic system

31
Q

Extensive damage to what area results in prosopagnosia (inability to recognize faces)?

A

facial recognition area

32
Q

What association areas all meet one another in the posterior part of the superior temporal lobe?

A
  • somatic
  • visual
  • auditory
33
Q

What area is especially developed in the dominant side of the brain?

A

Area of Confluence

34
Q

In right-handed people, what side is dominant and what is it referred to as?

A
  • Left side of the brain

- Werknicke’s area

35
Q

Which area plays the greatest single role of any part of the cerebral cortex for intelligence?

A

Wernicke’s

36
Q

What happens when Wernicke’s area is activated?

A

can call forth complicated memory patterns involving more than one sensory modality

37
Q

What 2 areas are more developed in the left hemisphere in 95% of the population?

A
  • Wernicke’s area

- The angular gyrus

38
Q

Where are the motor areas for controlling hands located?

A

Left hemisphere in 90% of people

39
Q

What are the consequences of a prefrontal lobotomy?

A

Cannot:

  • solve complex problems
  • string together sequential tasks to reach complex goals
  • do several parallel tasks at the same time
  • carry through long trains of thought

Decreased level of aggressiveness (ambition)

Inappropriate social responses

Loss of purpose while performing usual motor pattern functions

40
Q

What can happen if the brain’s working memory is normal?

A
  • prognostication
  • planning for future
  • delay in response to incoming sensory signals
  • consider consequences of motor actions
  • solve complicated mathematical, legal, or philosophical problems
  • control of activities in accord with moral law
41
Q

What are the major functions of the limbic system?

A
  • gray matter
  • respond to fear
  • rage and aggression
42
Q

What is the major commissure between the 2 brain hemispheres?

A

corpus callosum

43
Q

What 3 things will happen if the corpus callosum is cut?

A
  • Blocking of transfer of information from Wernicke’s > Nondominant motor cortex
  • Prevention of transfer of somatic and visual information from Right Hemisphere > Wernicke’s area
  • 2 Entirely separate conscious portions of the brain
44
Q

What areas are activated when speaking a heard word?

A
  • Broca’s area
  • Primary auditory area
  • Wernicke’s area
  • Arcuate fasciculus
45
Q

What areas are activated when speaking a written word?

A
  • Broca’s area
  • Wernicke’s area
  • Angular gyrus
46
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

memory of various details of an integrated though

47
Q

What memories might be included in declarative memory?

A
  • surroundings
  • time relationships
  • causes of experience
  • meaning of experience
  • deductions as a result of experience
48
Q

What type of memory is associated with motor activities?

A

reflexive (skill) memory

49
Q

What memory is the memory of a phone number?

A

short-term memory

lasts only as long as the person thinks of number or facts (seconds)

50
Q

What memory lasts many minutes or weeks?

A

intermediate long-term memory

51
Q

Which memory may become long-term memory (more permanent) if memory traces are activated enough?

A

intermediate long-term memory

52
Q

What is studied in Aplysia?

A

mechanism for facilitation

53
Q

What causes serotonin release at the facilitator synapse?

A

the stimulation of facilitator presynaptic terminal at the same time that sensory terminal is stimulated

54
Q

What receptors in the sensory terminal membrane activate adenyl cyclase&raquo_space; cAMP?

A

serotonin receptors

55
Q

What happens after serotonin receptors in the sensory terminal membrane activate adenyl cyclease?

A
  • cAMP activates part of K+ channel

- K+ channel is blocked for minutes to weeks

56
Q

What greatly prolongs AP in synapse terminal?

A

lack of K+ conduction

57
Q

What causes prolonged activation of Ca channels?

A

prolonged AP in synapse terminal

58
Q

What prolongs transmitter release?

A

prolonged activation of Ca channels due to prolonged AP in synapse because of lack of K+ conduction

59
Q

What turns short-term memory into long-term memory?

A

hippocampus

60
Q

What are the 4 structural changes of long-term memory?

A

Changes in structures of dendritic spines

Increase in:

  • Vesicle release sites for secretion of transmitter substance
  • Number of transmitter vesicles released
  • Number of presynaptic terminals

PHYSIO II Exam #1 - Lo (8 decks)

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