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PHYSIO II Exam #1 - Lo > Lec 03- General Sensory Mechanisms I > Flashcards

Lec 03- General Sensory Mechanisms I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 basic types of sensory receptors?

A
  • mechanoreceptors
  • thermoreceptors
  • nociceptors
  • electromagnetic receptors (photo)
  • chemoreceptors
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2
Q

What do mechanoreceptors include?

A

both free and encapsulated endings receiving skin tactile sensibilities

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3
Q

What are the expanded tip endings of mechanoreceptors that receive skin tactile sensibilities?

A
  • Merkel’s discs

- Other varients

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4
Q

What are the encapsulated endings of mechanoreceptors that receive skin tactile sensibilities?

A
  • Meissner’s corpuscles

- Kraus’ corpuscles

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5
Q

What are the spray endings of mechanoreceptors that receive deep tissue sensibilities?

A

Ruffini’s corpuscles

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6
Q

What are the encapsulated endings of mechanoreceptors that receive deep tissue sensibilities?

A
  • Pacinian corpuscles

- Other variants

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7
Q

What are the mechanoreceptor for hearing?

A

sound receptors of cochlea

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8
Q

What are the mechanoreceptor for equilibrium?

A

vestibular receptors

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9
Q

What are the mechanoreceptor for arterial pressure?

A

baroreceptors

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10
Q

What are the receptors for thermoreceptors?

A

cold and warm receptors

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11
Q

What are the nociceptors?

A

free nerve endings responding to pain

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12
Q

What are the electromagnetic receptors?

A

Rods and cones of the eye for vision

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13
Q

What are the chemoreceptors?

A
  • taste
  • smell
  • arterial oxygen
  • osmolarity
  • blood CO2
  • blood glucose, amino acids, and FA
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14
Q

What is differential sensitivity?

A

each type of receptor is highly sensitive to one type of stimulus and is almost non-responsive to other types

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15
Q

What is modality?

A

refers to each of the principal types of sensation

touch, pressure, …

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16
Q

What is the labeled line principle?

A

the specificity of nerve fibers for transmitting only one modality of sensation

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17
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of stimulation for receptors?

A
  • mechanical deformation
  • application of a chemical
  • temperature change
  • electromagnetic radiation
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18
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of tonic receptors?

A
  • Slow adapting
  • Detect continuous stimulus strength
  • Transmit impulses as long as stimulus is present
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19
Q

What are the 5 types of tonic receptors?

A
  • Muscle spindles
  • Golgi tendon organs
  • Macula and Vestibular receptors
  • Baroreceptors
  • Chemoreceptors
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20
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of phasic receptors?

A
  • Rapidly adapting
  • Do not transmit a continuous signal
  • Stimulated only when stimulus strength changes
  • Transmit information regarding rate of change
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21
Q

What are Type A nerve fibers?

A
  • Subdivided into a,b,y,d

- Large and medium myelinated fibers of spinal nerves

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22
Q

What are Type C nerve fibers?

A
  • Small, unmyelinated fibers
  • Conduct signals at low velocity
  • Make up more than half of all sensory fibers in most peripheral nerves and all postganglionic autonomic fibers
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23
Q

Which nerve fibers are from annulospiral endings of muscle spindles?

A

Group Ia

Type Aa

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24
Q

Which nerve fibers carry pain, itch, temperature, and crude touch?

A

Group IV

Type C

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25
Q

Which nerve fibers are from cutaneous tactile receptors and flower-spray?

A

Group II

Type Ab,y

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26
Q

Which nerve fibers are from Golgi tendon organs?

A

Group Ib

Type Aa

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27
Q

Which nerve fibers carry pricking pain, temperature, and crude touch?

A

Group III

Type Ad

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28
Q

What happens when using progressively greater numbers of fibers?

A

Signal strength is increased

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29
Q

What is the receptor field for a given fiber?

A

the entire cluster of nerve endings from one pain fiber that covers an area of skin

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30
Q

Where is the number of nerve endings large?

A

in the center of the receptor field

Number is reduced in the periphery

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31
Q

Nerve endings from one pain fiber ______ those of other pain fibers

A

overlap

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32
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

increasing signal strength by increasing the frequency of nerve impulses in each fiber

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33
Q

What are examples of neuronal pools?

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • basal nuclei
  • thalamic nuclei
  • cerebellum
  • mesencephalon
  • pons
  • medulla
  • gray matter of spinal cord
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34
Q

What is a neuronal pool?

A

all the neurons in an area that you are studying

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35
Q

What is the stimulatory field of neuronal pool?

A

neuronal area within the pool that is stimulated by each incoming nerve fiber

36
Q

Where do terminals for each input fiber lie?

A

on the nearest neuron in its field

37
Q

What is the discharge zone?

A

all output fibers stimulated by the incoming fiber

38
Q

What are facilitated/inhibition zones?

A
  • Neurons further from the discharge zone
  • Facilitated
  • NOT excited
39
Q

Are facilitated/inhibition zones inhibitory or excitatory?

A

depends on the input fiber

40
Q

What are diverging neuronal pathways?

A
  • Result = Amplification of initial signal

- Allow transmission of original signal to separate areas

41
Q

What are converging neuronal pathways?

A
  • Multiple input fibers converge onto a single output neuron

- Input fibers can be from one or more separate sources

42
Q

What are reverberatory/oscilatory circuits?

A
  • Caused by (+) feedback within neuronal circuit

- May discharge repetitively for a long time once it is stimulated

43
Q

What are the 3 types of somatic senses?

A
  • mechanoreceptive
  • thermoreceptive
  • pain
44
Q

Where do the somatic senses collect sensory information from?

A

all over the body

45
Q

What are the 5 types of special senses?

A
  • vision
  • hearing
  • smell
  • taste
  • equilibrium
46
Q

Where are the exteroreceptive sensations from?

A

the surface of the body

47
Q

What are the 4 proprioceptive sensations?

A

“physical state of the body”

  • position sensations
  • muscle and tendon sensations
  • pressure sensations
  • equilibrium
48
Q

What are the 3 deep sensations?

A
  • deep pressure
  • deep pain
  • deep vibrations
49
Q

What somatic senses include both tactile and position senses that are stimulated my mechanical displacement of some tissues of the body?

A

mechanoreceptive somatic senses

50
Q

What are the 3 Ascending neuronal pathways?

A
  • primary sensory neurons
  • secondary neurons
  • tertiary neurons
51
Q

Where do the primary sensory neurons extend from and go through?

A
  • From external receptors

- Through dorsal roots of spinal cord

52
Q

Which ascending pathway neurons make up tracts in the spinal cord and brainstem?

A

secondary neurons

53
Q

What do the tertiary neurons extend from and travel through?

A
  • From thalamus
  • To primary sensory cortex
  • To post-central gyrus
  • Through internal capsule
54
Q

What are the 2 systems used for conscious perception (2* neurons)?

A
  • Spinothalamic system

- Medial Lemniscal system

55
Q

What are the 4 systems used for unconscious perception?

A
  • Spinocerebellar (cerebellum)
  • Spino-olivary (medulla)
  • Spinotectal (roof of midbrain)
  • Spinoreticular (brainstem/reticular system)
56
Q

What are the 2 tracts of the spinothalamic system?

A
  • Lateral spinothalamic tract

- Anterior spinothalamic tract

57
Q

What does the Lateral Spinothalamic tract carry?

A

pain and temperature

58
Q

In the Lateral Spinothalamic tract, primary fibers ascend/descend 1-2 spinal cord segments before ____________

A

synapsing with secondary fibers

59
Q

In the Lateral Spinothalamic tract, what do secondary axons decussate through?

A

anterior gray and white commisures

ONLY 2* neurons can decussate

60
Q

__________ axons make up the lateral spinothalamic tract traveling in the lateral column of the spinal cord

A

secondary

61
Q

In the Lateral Spinothalamic tract, what tract joins the secondary fibers in the brainstem?

A

trigeminothalamic tract

62
Q

In the Lateral Spinothalamic tract, what is the trigeminothalamic tract responsible for?

A

paina and temperature from face and teeth

63
Q

In the Lateral Spinothalamic tract, where do the secondary fiber collaterals project to?

A

reticular formation

64
Q

What do the reticular formation do?

A

stimulate wakefulness and consciousness

65
Q

In the Lateral Spinothalamic tract, where do the secondary fibers project to?

A

ventral posterolateral (VPL) nucleus of thalamus

66
Q

In the Lateral Spinothalamic tract, what do the secondary fibers synapse with in the VPL?

A

tertiary fibers

67
Q

In the Lateral Spinothalamic tract, where do the tertiary fibers (corticopetal fibers) synapse?

A

in post-central gyrus

68
Q

What are the sensory areas of the post-central gyrus?

A

1, 2, 3

69
Q

In the Lateral Spinothalamic tract, what fibers form part of the internal capsule (myelinated fiber tracts)?

A

tertiary fibers

70
Q

What 4 things does the Anterior Spinothalamic tract carry?

A
  • light touch (crude touch)
  • pressure
  • tickle
  • itch
71
Q

In the Anterior Spinothalamic tract, the primary neurons may ascend __________ spinal cord segments before synapsing with secondary neurons.

A

8-10

72
Q

In the Anterior Spinothalamic tract, where do the secondary fibers decussate?

A

in anterior gray or white commissures

73
Q

In the Anterior Spinothalamic tract, the secondary fibers ascend to synapse with tertiary fibers in ____________________

A

VPL nucleus of thalamus

74
Q

In the Anterior Spinothalamic tract, where do the tertiary fibers ascend through to the primary sensory cortex?

A

through internal capsule

75
Q

What are the 3 differences between the Lateral and Anterior Spinothalamic tract?

A
  • level of synapse
  • type of sensation
  • location of secondary fibers
76
Q

What is another name for the Medial Lemniscus System?

A

Posterior Column System

77
Q

What does the Medial Lemniscus System carry?

A

Sensations for:

  • Two-point sensation (fine touch)
  • Pressure
  • Vibration
78
Q

In the Medial Lemniscus System, where do the primary fibers ascend?

A

entire length of spinal cord

79
Q

In the Medial Lemniscus System, what do the primary fibers synapse with?

A

secondary neurons in the medulla

80
Q

What are the 2 secondary fibers in the medulla for the Medial Lemniscus System?

A
  • Fasciculus gracilis (narrow)

- Fasciculus cuneatus (wedge shaped)

81
Q

What do the fibers of the fasciculus gracilis convey in the Medial Lemniscus System?

A

sensations from below mid thoracic level

ex: lower limbs, abdomen…

82
Q

What do the fibers of the fasciculus cuneatus convey in the Medial Lemniscus System?

A
  • sensations from above mid thoracic level

- proprioceptive sensation from arms to cerebellum

83
Q

Where do the secondary fibers of the Medial Lemniscus System decussate?

A

in the medulla

84
Q

Where do the secondary fibers of the Medial Lemniscus System ascend to synapse?

A

in VPL of thalamus

85
Q

What do the tertiary fibers of the Medial Lemniscus System ascend through?

A

internal capsule to primary sensory cortex

PHYSIO II Exam #1 - Lo (8 decks)

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