learning theory+ health beliefs

Question 1

classical conditioning- unconditioned stimulus vs conditioned stimulus

Answer 1

stimulus that causes a REFLEXIVE/INNATE response without prior learning vs stimulus that elicits a conditioned response

Question 2

Pavlov’s dogs- example of classical conditioning

Answer 2

a dog who is given food- the food is the unconditioned stimulus: if a bell is rung everytime this occurs, this is the conditioned stimulus: the unconditioned response is salivaiton of dog when food is present, and conditioned response is salivation of dog when BELL is rung

Question 3

define stimulus generilsation vs stimulus discrimination

Answer 3

a similar stimuli eg to a bell causes a similar conditioned response, although not exactly the same vs can respond to VARIOUS stimuli

Question 4

define operant conditioning including positive/negative reinforcement, and what is doesn’t mean

Answer 4

behaviour is learnt by it’s CONSEQUENCES, either positive reinforcement (when response is strengthened due to PRESENTATION of a stimulus eg food) or negative reinforcement(response is strengthened due to REMOVAL of a stimulus): positive and negative does NOT mean good or bad

Question 5

positive vs negative punishment

Answer 5

when response WEAKENED by presentation of stimulus vs response weakened by REMOVAL of stimulus- so different to reinforcement

Question 6

types of reinforcement schedules

Answer 6

CONTINUOUS reinforcement causes faster learning than PARTIAL, but this learning goes away more rapidly with continuous reinforcement (as the shift to no reinforcement is sudden and easier to understand)

Question 7

watson and rayner little albert experiment- classical conditionig

Answer 7

example of FEAR learning- rat (neutral stimulus) paired with loud noise (unconditioned sitmulus causing fear), thus little albert conditioned to get scared by only seeing rat

Question 8

Bobo doll experiment

Answer 8

children were in a room with a adult who was either aggressive towards the doll or non-aggressive- child was then left alone, and those who were with the aggressive adult were also aggressive to the adult

Question 9

define self efficacy and causes

Answer 9

belief that you can execute the behaviour to produce the outcome (ie confident u can do it)- mastery experience, social learning, verbal encouragement, and physiological arousal (ie heart beating fast and sweating before giving lecture)

Question 10

theory of planned behaviour with smoking example

Answer 10

affected by 3 things- your beliefs of the potential outcome (eg is smoking bad), subjective norm ie other beliefs about potential outcome (eg smoking), and internal/external factors like self efficacy eg can you stop smoking, which affects your intention (do you want to stop), which affects your decision

Question 11

transtheoretical model- with different stages

Answer 11

doctors adjust their device depending on the stage they think their patient is in- PRECONTEMPLATION (not even thinking about stopping smoking), CONTEMPLATION (thinking about it), PREPARATION (going to change soon), ACTION (changing), MAINTENANCE (maintaining that change), and RELAPSE (cycle may start again)

Question 12

DIAGRAM health beliefs model

Answer 12

idea that your likelihood of changing your behaviour is dependent on your perceived threat, which is based on your perceived susceptibility and seriousness, both of which are determined by your background: perceived threat also affected by CUES to action eg getting a heart attack, and likelihood of behavioural change also affected by perceived benefits vs costs eg of smoking