coping with illness Flashcards
transactional definition of stress with example
perceived imbalance between demands of situation (primary appraisal) and the coping resources available (secondary appraisal)- eg HOSPITALISATION: in a hospital, there are mental demands about a threat to their wellbeing, with little coping resources
procedural vs sensory information, relating to dual process hypothesis
information about the procedures to be done vs about the sensations that may be experienced- thus hypothesis says that both are important to achieve different things- procedural info allows patients to match events with their expectations in a non-emotional manner, and sensory info helps to map a non-threatening interpretation on these expectations
auerbach study (amount of info)
patients doing dental surgery were either given general or detailed info, and preference for lots/not a lot of info and measure of their distress was recorded- those wanted detailed info and got only general info had high distress, same for those who wanted general info but got detailed
nursing home study (langer+rodin)
one set was given freedom to do anything they wanted in their home eg whatever food/movie, one set were under strict rules to keep the staff happy- first set showed better general wellbeing, and fewer ppl died in that nursing home- shows that more PERCEIVED CONTROL leads to less distress
how to help children cope with treatment
info should be both procedural and sensory-, older children should be given info a week before procedure (younger children closer to procedure), and modelling and coping skills ideas as well (eg distraction for younger kids)
approach to tell children about treatment
combined show and tell- tell them, and then show them eg using a doll
problem focused coping vs emotion focused coping with examples
trying to change someone’s environment or a person’s actions/attitude eg changing diet/seeking info about an illness vs trying to manage stress-related emotional responses to maintain a person’s morale eg meditation/seeking reassurance
general adaptation syndrome stages
stage 1 (ALARM REACTION)- SNS causes increased arousal to cope with stress: stage 2 (RESISTANCE)- adrenal glands release hormones to maintain this arousal to keep coping with stress: stage 3 (EXHAUSTION)- adrenal gland exhaused, thus RESISTANCE TO STRSS decreases
pathway linking stress to disease
stress causes BEHAVIOURAL changes eg more smoking, which can lead to disease, but also PHYSIOLOGICAL changes (more cortisol increases risk of CHD, immune function
type A behaviour and relationship to cardiovascular health
shows feature of aggression, hostility and time urgency- increases risk of CHD compared to type B
placebo and nocebo effect, and what increases likelihood of nocebo effect
when the expectation of a response influences the outcome, nocebo is the negative effect occurring after receiving treatment, even if the treatment is a placebo: much more likely to occur if patient warned about the side effects
link between social support and health
social support increases probability of survival, and has an effect beyond a psychological role
transactional model of stress
a situation causes a primary appraisal (you are aware of the demand)- if no threat perceived= no stress, if threat perceived, if you think you are able to cope (secondary appraisal), it leads to positive stress, if you think you are unable, it leads to negative stress
