developmental psychology Flashcards
nature vs nurture
nature sets out a course for a baby via gender, genetics etc, but nurture shapes this course via environment, parenting etc.
define reciprocal socialisation
bidirectional- children socialise with parents (eg by crying, smiling) just as parents socialise with children
attachment and types
biological instinct where a baby seeks their carer when they perceive threat- SECURELY ATTACHED (most children- free exploration and happiness when seeing mum), and INSECURELY ATTACHED, either avoidant-insecure (little exploration/happiness to mum), resistant insecure (little exploration, anxious when mother leaves, but ambivalent/mixed response when she comes back), and disorganised-insecure (little exploration and confused response to mother)
how to assess attachment
STRANGE SITUATION TEST- tests how baby responds to absence of mother- looks at how much child explores room alone, and how child responds to return of mother
piagets theory of cognition with stages
idea that childrens thinking changes qualitatively with age, SENSORIMOTOR stage (0-2 yrs, world experienced through sensory experiences and physical interactions with objects), PREOPERATIONAL (2-7, , world seen symbolically through words and mental images), and CONCRETE OPERATIONAL (7-12, children do basic mental operations with problems involving concrete objects)
key features of each stage
sensori- OBJECT PERMANENCE (objects exists even if it can’t be seen): preop- rapid language development, don’t understand PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION (that key properties of object change even if they look difference), and IRREVERSIBILITY (can’t mentally reverse actions): concrete- more reversibility
define temperament
innate aspects of someone’s personality ie intro/extrovert
components of the big five personality theory
OCEAN- openness (appreciation for art, emotion, adventure), conscientiousness (self-discipline, planned), extraversion (energy, positive emotions), agreeablesness (being compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious), neuroticism (experiencing unpleasant emotions eg anger/anxiety easily)
define intelligence quotient (IQ) and lomitation
mental age/chronological age*100 (100 is average): averages all domains of intelligence rather than considering them separately
define crystallised vs fluid intelligence and how they changed with age
ability to apply previous knowledge to current problems (improves with age), vs dealing with new problems where personal experience doesn’t help (often declines)
baron cohens emphatising/systemising theory- males vs females, and autism
able to infer thoughts/feeligns of others and appropriately react vs able to analyse a system ie person and predict how it will behave: females more empathising/less systematising, males opposite, and autism very systematising ie male brain
personality and health- conscientiousness vs neuroticism
conc. strongly associated with positive health- increases life expect. more likely to be healthy vs higher rates of mental healthy issues, somatic symptoms ie pain, and less healthy behaviours
