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Behavioral Sciences > Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Learning and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

refers specifically to the way in which we acquire new behaviors

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2
Q

Stimulus

A

anything to which an organism can respond

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3
Q

Habituation

A

repeated exposure to the same stimulus can cause a decrease in response

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4
Q

Dishabituation

A

recovery of a response to a stimulus after habitation has occurred

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5
Q

What is associative learning?

A

creation of a pairing, or association, either between two stimuli or between a behavior and a response

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6
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

a type of associative learning that takes advantage of biological, instinctual responses to create association between two unrelated stimuli

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7
Q

What is an unconditioned stimulus?

A

any stimulus that brings about a reflexive response

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8
Q

What is an unconditioned response?

A

any innate or reflexive response from a stimulus

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9
Q

What is a conditioned stimulus?

A

a normally neutral stimulus that, through association, now causes a reflexive response

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10
Q

What is a conditioned response?

A

a response that is produced due to a conditioned stimulus; a conditioned response is typically innate and was previously the unconditioned response but when paired with the new stimulus, it becomes conditioned

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11
Q

What is acquition?

A

the process of taking advantage of a reflexive, unconditioned stimulus to turn a neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus

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12
Q

What is extinction?

A

when the organism stops responding to the conditioned stimulus because it was used unpaired with the unconditioned stimulus too much

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13
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

the reappearance of the conditioned response after extinction after some time

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14
Q

What is generalization?

A

when the organism begins to associate other similar stimulus with the conditioned stimulus and react the same way with the same conditioned response

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15
Q

What is discrimination?

A

when organisms can distinguish between two similar stimuli

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16
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

links voluntary behaviors with consequences in an effect to alter the frequency of those behaviors

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17
Q

What is Behaviorism?

A

It’s a theory that all behaviors are conditioned and B.F. Skinner is the father of this theory

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18
Q

What is reinforcement?

A

the process of increasing the likelihood that an individual will perform a behavior

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19
Q

Positive Reinforcers vs Negative Reinforcers

A

Positive Reinforcers - increase behavior by adding a positive consequence or incentive following the desired behavior
Negative Reinforcers - increase behavior by removing something unpleasant

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20
Q

What are two types of negative reinforcement?

A

Escape learning - reduce the unpleasantness that is already there
Avoidance learning - prevent the unpleasantness from happening

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21
Q

What is punishment?

A

uses conditioning to reduce the occurrence of a behavior

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22
Q

Positive punishment vs Negative punishment

A

Positive punishment - adds an unpleasant consequence in response to a behavior to reduce that behavior
Negative punishment - reduction of a behavior by taking away a stimulus

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23
Q

What are the reinforcement schedules?

A

Fixed-Ratio (FR) - reinforce a behavior after a specific number of performances of that behavior
Variable-Ratio (VR) - reinforces a behavior after varying number of performances with the average is constant
Fixed-Interval (FI) - reinforce the first instance of a behavior after a specified time period has elapsed
Variable-Interval (VI) - reinforce a behavior after varying intervals of time

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24
Q

What is shaping?

A

the process of rewarding increasingly specific behaviors

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25
Q

What is latent learning?

A

learning that occurs without a reward but that is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced

26
Q

What is instinctive drift?

A

difficulty in overcoming instinctual behaviors

27
Q

What is observational learning?

A

process of learning a new behavior or gaining information by watching others

28
Q

What is encoding?

A

refers to the process of putting new information into memory

29
Q

What is autonomic processing?

A

the act of gaining information without effort

30
Q

What is controlled/effortful processing?

A

active memorization

31
Q

What is the self-reference effect?

A

the tendency to recall information best when we put into the context of our own lives

32
Q

What is maintenance rehearsal?

A

the repetition of a piece of information to either keep it within working memory or store it in short and long term memory eventually

33
Q

What is the method of loci?

A

associated each item on a list with a location along a route that has already when memorized

34
Q

What is the peg-word system?

A

associate numbers with items that rhyme with or resemble the numbers

35
Q

What is chunking?

A

involves taking individual elements of a large list and grouping them together into groups of elements with related meaning

36
Q

Describe sensory memory

A

First and most fleeting (under a second); consists of iconic (visual) and echoic (auditory) memory

37
Q

Describe short term memory

A

Memories can here after sensory; also short, about thirty seconds. Has the capacity to hold about seven items; housed primarily in the hippocampus and will help consolidate into long term memory

38
Q

What is working memory?

A

enables us to keep a few pieces of information in our consciousness simultaneously and to manipulate that information; related to short term memory and also depends on the hippocampus

39
Q

What is elaborative rehearsal?

A

the association of the information to knowledge already stored in the long term memory

40
Q

What is long term memory?

A

an essentially limitless warehouse for knowledge that we are then able to recall on demand

41
Q

What are the two types of long term memory?

A

Implicit/Nondeclarative/Procedural - consists of skills and conditioned responses
Explicit/Declarative - consists of those memories that require conscious recall

42
Q

What are the two types of explicit memory?

A

Semantic - facts

Episodic - experiences

43
Q

What is retrieval?

A

the name given to the process of demonstrating that something that has been learned has been retained

44
Q

What is recognition?

A

the process of merely identifying a piece of information that was previously learned

45
Q

What is relearning?

A

the idea that you relearn things much faster the second time around

46
Q

What is the spacing effect?

A

the longer the amount of time between session of relearning, the greater the retention of information later on

47
Q

What is a semantic network?

A

a network of concepts in our long term memory that are linked together based on similar meaning

48
Q

What is spreading activation?

A

when one concept is retrieved, it unconsciously activates others around it

49
Q

What is priming?

A

recall is aided by first being presented with a work or phrase that is close to the desired semantic memory; spreading activation heavily influences this

50
Q

What are three other retrieval clues?

A

(1) Context effects
(2) State-dependent memory
(3) Serial position effect

51
Q

What is Alzheimer’s disease?

A

which is a degenerative brain disorder thought to be linked to a loss of acetylcholine in neurons that link to the hippocampus; marked by progressive dementia and memory loss. Neurofibrillary tangles and beta-amyloid plaques are found in Alzheimer’s patients.

52
Q

What is Korsakoff’s syndrome?

A

memory loss caused by thiamine deficiency; has both retrograde and anterograde amnesia and confabulation

53
Q

What is confabulation?

A

the process of creating vivid but fabricated memories a

54
Q

What is agnosia?

A

the loss of the ability to recognize objects, people, or sounds

55
Q

What is interference?

A

a retrieval error caused by the existence of other, usually similar information

56
Q

What are the two types of interference?

A

Proactive - old information is interfering with new

Retroactive - new information is interfering with old

57
Q

What is prospective memory?

A

remembering to perform a task at some point in the future

58
Q

What is source-monitoring error?

A

involves confusion between semantic and episodic memory; remembers details of an event but confuses the context under which those details were gained

59
Q

What is neuroplasticity?

A

As our brains develop, neural connections form rapidly in response to stimuli

60
Q

What is synaptic pruning?

A

weak neural connections are broken while strong ones are bolstered

61
Q

What is long-term potentiation?

A

the stimulated neurons becoming more efficient at releasing neurotransmitters and receptor sites increasing

Behavioral Sciences (10 decks)

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