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Behavioral Sciences > Biology and Behavior > Flashcards

Biology and Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main types of neurons?

A

Sensory/afferent neurons - transmit sensory info from receptors to spinal cord and brain
Motor/efferent neurons - motor info from cord/brain to muscles and glands
Interneurons - most numerous and take care of reflexive actions

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2
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A

Central nervous system - brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What makes up the PNS?

A

Peripheral nervous system - made up of nerve tissue and fibers outside of the CNS

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4
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the PNS and describe them?

A

Somatic Nervous System - consists of sensory and motor neurons distributed throughout the skin, joints and muscles “voluntary” movement
Autonomic Nervous System - “nonvoluntary movement”, regulates heartbeat, respiration, digestion and secretions, temp

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5
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic Nervous System - activated by stress and associated with flight or fight reactions; increased heart rate, pupil dilation, releases epinephrine, increases blood glucose, redistributes blood to muscles of motion
Parasympathetic Nervous System - conserves energy and calms body down after sympathetic NS goes off; reduce heart rate, manages digestion, opposite of SNS

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6
Q

What is the meninges and what is it made of?

A

It is a thick sheath of connective tissue that covers the brain and allows it to connect to the inside of the skull. It is made of three types of membranes: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater in that order from outside to inside

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7
Q

What is the aqueous solution in which the brain and spinal cord rest and where does it come from?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid that is produced by ventricles in the brain

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8
Q

What is the brainstem?

A

The most primitive region of the brain that includes the hindbrain and the midbrain

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9
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

Part of the forebrain that is a group of neural structures primarily associated with emotion and memory, aggression, fear, plesure, and pain.

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10
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

an outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres that is associated with language processing, problem solving, impulse control and long term planning

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11
Q

What is the hindbrain?

A

The hindbrain is a label for multiple structures. Itis located where the brain meets the spinal cord is and responsible for: balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, and general arousal processes. It contains within it the medulla, pons and cerebellum

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12
Q

What is the medulla and where?

A

The medulla regulates vital functions such as breathing, heart rate and blood pressure and is located in the hindbrain

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13
Q

What is the pons and where?

A

The pons contains sensory and motor pathways between cortex and medulla, involved in sensations and helps with breathing. Located in the hindbrain, above the medulla

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14
Q

What is the cerebellum and where?

A

The cerebellum helps maintain balance and posture and coordinate body movements and is located in the hindbrain behind the pons

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15
Q

What is the midbrain?

A

Located above the hindbrain, it receives sensory and motor information and is often associated with reflexive responses

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16
Q

What are colliculi?

A

Prominent nuclei located in the midbrain. Superior colliculus receive visual sensory information and inferior colliculus receive auditory sensory information.

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17
Q

What is the forebrain?

A

Located above the midbrain, it is involved in complex perceptual, cognitive and behavioral processes.

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18
Q

What is an EEG?

A

Electroencephalogram is a test used to evaluate electrical activity in the brain by placing electrodes on the scalp.

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19
Q

What is rCBF?

A

Regional cerebral blood flow is a noninvasive procedure which detects patterns of neural activity based on increased blood flow to different parts of the brain

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20
Q

What is CT?

A

Computed tomography - multiple x-rays are taken at different angles and processed by a computer to cross-sectional slice images of the tissue

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21
Q

What is PET?

A

Positron emission tomography scan - radioactive sugar is injected and absorbed into the body, and its dispersion and uptake throughout the target tissue is imaged

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22
Q

What is MRI?

A

Magnetic resonance imaging - uses a magnetic field to interact with hydrogen and map out hydrogen dense regions of the body

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23
Q

What is fMRI?

A

Functional MRI - uses a magnetic field to interact with hydrogen and map out hydrogen dense regions of the body but specifically measures changes associated with blood flow

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24
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

Located in the forebrain and serves as an important relay station for incoming sensory information

25
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

Located in the forebrain and helps maintain homeostasis by regulating metabolism temp and water balance and is therefore a key player in the autonomic nervous system. It also plays a role in emotional arousal. It can be divided into lateral (hunger center, promotes eating), ventromedial (stops eating) and anterior hypothalamus (sexual behavior/sleep/temp).

26
Q

What is the pineal gland?

A

Forms part of the forebrain and is a key player in biological rhythms like circadian rhythms.

27
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

Found in the forebrain and coordinates muscle movement and relays motor information to brain and spinal cord. Helps make movement smooth and posture steady

28
Q

What is the septal nuclei?

A

primary pleasure centers in the brain, part of the limbic system

29
Q

What is the amygdala?

A

plays important role in defensive and aggressive behaviors, part of limbic system

30
Q

What is the hippocampus?

A

plays a vital role in learning and memory processing, consolidates memories into long term storage, part of limbic system

31
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

an inability to form new memories but still recall the old ones

32
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

the loss of old memories but still have the ability to form new ones

33
Q

What are the four lobes of the brain?

A

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital and Temporal

34
Q

What does the frontal lobe do?

A

Divided into two subdivisions:
Prefrontal cortex - manages executive function by supervising and directing the operations of the other brain regions (perception, memory, emotion, planning) does not store info
Motor cortex - initiates voluntary motor movements

35
Q

What is an association area?

A

An area of the brain the integrates input from diverse brain regions, ex: prefrontal cortex

36
Q

What is a projection area?

A

An area of the brain that performs rudimentary or simple perceptual and motor tasks, ex: motor cortex, visual cortex

37
Q

What is Broca’s area?

A

found in the frontal lobe and helps with speech production

38
Q

What is the parietal lobe?

A

Mainly involved in sensory processing

39
Q

What is the occipital lobe?

A

contain visual cortex and involved in helping you see

40
Q

What is the temporal lobe?

A

Mainly associated with auditory functions (also has some memory functions, emotion, language)

41
Q

What is Wernicke’s area?

A

Found in the temporal lobe and associated with language reception and comprehension. If damaged, person will not understand what is being said to them

42
Q

What is acetylcholine?

A

a neurotransmitter that sends nerve impulses to muscles and is linked attention and arousal

43
Q

What are catecholamines?

A

a group of neurotransmitters that play important roles in emotions and include epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine

44
Q

What is epinephrine?

A

involved in controlling alertness and wakefulness and secreted from the adrenal medulla and acts on the whole body

45
Q

What is norepinephrine?

A

also involved in controlling alertness and wakefulness and acts at a local level

46
Q

What is dopamine?

A

plays important role in movement and posture

47
Q

What is serotonin?

A

plays role in regulating mood, eating, sleeping and dreaming. Too much can cause mania and too little causes depression

48
Q

What is GABA?

A

gamma-aminobutyric acid produces inhibitory postsynaptic potentials and stabilizing neural activity in the brain

49
Q

What is glycine?

A

serves as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS by increasing chloride influx into the neuron

50
Q

What is glutamate?

A

serves as an excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS

51
Q

What are neuromodulators?

A

peptides that are involved in a slow chain of neurotransmission

52
Q

What are endorphins?

A

a type of neuromodulator which are natural pain killers

53
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

“master” gland;

Anterior - releases hormones that regulate endocrine glands but is controlled by the hypothalamus

54
Q

What are the adrenal glands?

A

located on top of the kidneys and divided into two
Adrenal medulla - releases epinephrine and norepinephrine
Adrenal cortex - produces corticosteriods, like cortisol, and testosterone and estrogen

55
Q

What is neurulation?

A

occurs when the ectoderm overlying the notochord begins to furrow, forming a neural groove surrounded by two neural folds

56
Q

What is the rooting reflex?

A

automatic turning of the head in which the direction of a stimulus that touches the cheek

57
Q

What is the Moro reflex?

A

Infants reacting to the abrupt movement of their heads by flinging out their arms and then slowly retracting them and crying

58
Q

What is the Babinski reflex?

A

causes the toes to spread apart automatically when the sole of the foot is stimulated

Behavioral Sciences (10 decks)

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