learning and memory

Question 1

skills and habits that have been used so much they are automatic

Answer 1

procedural memory
implicit meomory
non declaractive
reflexive memory

Question 2

the conscious recognition/recolection of learned facts and expedriences

Answer 2

explicit memory

episodic: memory of events
semantic: memory of words, language, and rules

Question 3

what is working memory

Answer 3

recalling a fact or memory for use- it may be a subset of short term memory

Question 4

changes in synaptic functioning for memory

Answer 4

post tetanic potentiation
pre synaptic facilitation
long term potentiation

Question 5

changes in the strucutre of the neurons during memory formation

Answer 5

gain/loss of synapses
structural changes in dendrites
structural changes in the soma of the neuron

Question 6

brief, high frequency discharge of presynaptic neuron
produces increased NT releasae
lasts 60 seconds

Answer 6

post tetanic stimulation

Question 7

what is the mechanism of post tetanic stimulation

Answer 7

high level of stimulation allows more calcium to enter terminal than could be dealth with = more vesicles fuse = more NT release (ach)

Question 8

presynaptic facilitation mechanism

Answer 8

neuron C synapses on the presynaptic terminal of neuron A and releases 5HT. this leads to activation of adenylyly cyclase and incrased AMP in neuron A
-K+ channels in neuron A become phosphorylated and opening is delayed = delayed repol = greater Ach release

Question 9

long term potentiation definition

Answer 9

series of changes in the pre and post synaptic neurons of a synapse which leads to increased response to released NT. must last for hours after stimulation

Question 10

long term potentiation process

Answer 10

NT binds, sodium in depolarizsation, mg leaves, then more sodium and calcium. calcium and calmodulin increase adenhylyl cyclase and cAMP which phosphorylates AMPA receptor and then more sodium in

Question 11

long term potentiation post synaptic back to presynaptic cell

Answer 11

calcium and calcineurin activate NOS which makes NO which goes back to presynaptic cell which increases cGMP which increases NT release

Question 12

long term potentiation also associated with gene txn related to

Answer 12

increased CREB
cyclic amp response element binding protein
in both pre and post synaptic cells

Question 13

attending to new info, linking it to previous memories

Answer 13

encoding

Question 14

process of making a memory permanent

involves physical changes in synaptic structure

Answer 14

consolidation

Question 15

short term memory involves

Answer 15

HPP

hippocampus
parahioppocampal cortex
prefrotnatl cortex

Question 16

short term memory: interconections to ___ and ____ via the nucleus ______ which is a target in _____ disease

Answer 16

neocortex and amygdala
nucleus basalis of meynert
alzheimers

Question 17

consolidating memory from short to long term involves what strucutres

Answer 17

PTH

papez circuit, temporal lobes, hippocampus

Question 18

cicuit of short to long term memory starting with anterior thalamus

Answer 18

anterior thalamus allows sensory info in
cingulate cortex ties emotion to memory
hippocampus for short term memory (need for LTM)
hypothalamus (papez circuit starts here) autonomic controls tie to emotion like heart racing with a fear

Question 19

where is long term memory stored

Answer 19

in the area of cortex related to modality of component

ex: visual info stored in visual cortex

Question 20

retrieving a memory requires

Answer 20

neal patrick harrus

neocortex info sent to–>
parahippocampal regions sends to–>
hippocampus (memory reconstructed here)
then back through parahip to cortex

Question 21

___ is important in prolonging the life of the cortical trace of the memory

Answer 21

parahippocampus

Question 22

3 parts of working memory

Answer 22

visuospatial loop central executivephonologic

visuospatial: that word was written up top on that page
central: brain saying i need to do this
phonological: remember words that were said

Question 23

central executive area where in brain

Answer 23

prefrontal cortex

Question 24

phonological loop where in brain

Answer 24

brocas and wernickes

Question 25

visuospatial loop where in brain

Answer 25

occipital cortex

Question 26

where is spatial memory stored and which cells

Answer 26

hippocampus using CA1 pyramidal place cells