learning and memory Flashcards
skills and habits that have been used so much they are automatic
procedural memory
implicit meomory
non declaractive
reflexive memory
the conscious recognition/recolection of learned facts and expedriences
explicit memory
episodic: memory of events
semantic: memory of words, language, and rules
what is working memory
recalling a fact or memory for use- it may be a subset of short term memory
changes in synaptic functioning for memory
post tetanic potentiation
pre synaptic facilitation
long term potentiation
changes in the strucutre of the neurons during memory formation
gain/loss of synapses
structural changes in dendrites
structural changes in the soma of the neuron
brief, high frequency discharge of presynaptic neuron
produces increased NT releasae
lasts 60 seconds
post tetanic stimulation
what is the mechanism of post tetanic stimulation
high level of stimulation allows more calcium to enter terminal than could be dealth with = more vesicles fuse = more NT release (ach)
presynaptic facilitation mechanism
neuron C synapses on the presynaptic terminal of neuron A and releases 5HT. this leads to activation of adenylyly cyclase and incrased AMP in neuron A
-K+ channels in neuron A become phosphorylated and opening is delayed = delayed repol = greater Ach release
long term potentiation definition
series of changes in the pre and post synaptic neurons of a synapse which leads to increased response to released NT. must last for hours after stimulation
long term potentiation process
NT binds, sodium in depolarizsation, mg leaves, then more sodium and calcium. calcium and calmodulin increase adenhylyl cyclase and cAMP which phosphorylates AMPA receptor and then more sodium in
long term potentiation post synaptic back to presynaptic cell
calcium and calcineurin activate NOS which makes NO which goes back to presynaptic cell which increases cGMP which increases NT release
long term potentiation also associated with gene txn related to
increased CREB
cyclic amp response element binding protein
in both pre and post synaptic cells
attending to new info, linking it to previous memories
encoding
process of making a memory permanent
involves physical changes in synaptic structure
consolidation
short term memory involves
HPP
hippocampus
parahioppocampal cortex
prefrotnatl cortex
short term memory: interconections to ___ and ____ via the nucleus ______ which is a target in _____ disease
neocortex and amygdala
nucleus basalis of meynert
alzheimers
consolidating memory from short to long term involves what strucutres
PTH
papez circuit, temporal lobes, hippocampus
cicuit of short to long term memory starting with anterior thalamus
anterior thalamus allows sensory info in
cingulate cortex ties emotion to memory
hippocampus for short term memory (need for LTM)
hypothalamus (papez circuit starts here) autonomic controls tie to emotion like heart racing with a fear
where is long term memory stored
in the area of cortex related to modality of component
ex: visual info stored in visual cortex
retrieving a memory requires
neal patrick harrus
neocortex info sent to–>
parahippocampal regions sends to–>
hippocampus (memory reconstructed here)
then back through parahip to cortex
___ is important in prolonging the life of the cortical trace of the memory
parahippocampus
3 parts of working memory
visuospatial loop central executivephonologic
visuospatial: that word was written up top on that page
central: brain saying i need to do this
phonological: remember words that were said
central executive area where in brain
prefrontal cortex
phonological loop where in brain
brocas and wernickes
visuospatial loop where in brain
occipital cortex
where is spatial memory stored and which cells
hippocampus using CA1 pyramidal place cells
