learning and memory Flashcards

1
Q

what is learning?

A

a process by means of which organisms acquire new knowledge or skills

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2
Q

what is memory?

A

the maintenance of learning across time

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3
Q

inference of behavioural change (rescorla, 1988)

A

t1= subject exposed to an experience
t2= subject assessed whether t1 has modified behvaiour

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4
Q

experimental paradigms: a single stimulus (s1) without any other event

A

habituation and sensitisation

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5
Q

experimental paradigm: s1 presented with another stimulus (s2)

A

classical conditioning

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6
Q

experimental paradigm: s1 presented in such a way so as to reinforce a certain behaviour

A

instrumental/operant conditioning

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7
Q

what is habituation?

A

a decrease in the behvaioural response following repeated exposure to a threatining stimulus e.g habituation of the startle response

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8
Q

what is sensitisation?

A

an increase in the behvaioural response following repeated exposure to a threatining stimulus
often characterised by sensitisation to a whole class of stimuli, in addition to the one that has been repeated

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9
Q

what is classical conditioning?

A

the process by which a response normally elicited by one stimulus comes to be controlled by the other
(unconditioned/neutral/conditioned)

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10
Q

what is operant conditioning?

A

the process by which a behaviour is affected by its outcomes
positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement

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11
Q

simple model of memory processing

A

input of incoming information (aquisition via perception and encoding)
holding in a memroy store (consolidation, maintenance)
output performance (retrieval/recall/recognition)

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12
Q

multiple-trace hypothesis of memory (mcgaugh, 1968)

A

temporal stages of memory
mediated intracellularly by different processes
short-term, immediatiate-term and long-term memory

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13
Q

what is short-term memory?

A

memories held for a few minutes (<30 mins although no strict definition)
vulnerable to interference
severeal stores

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14
Q

working memory model (baddeley and hitch 1974)

A

a multi-component short-term memory store
allows information to be held and manipulated over a short period of yime until required to complete a task

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15
Q

what is the central executive?

A

attentional store

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16
Q

what is the visuospatial sketchpad?

A

temporary store for the remembrance and manipulation of visual information

17
Q

what is the phonological loop?

A

temporary store for verbal information
inner voice and ear

18
Q

regional activation during working memory (chen et al, 2013)

A

the greater the demandson working memory, the greater the number of brain regions activated

19
Q

what is consolidation?

A

information in the STM is transferred to the LTM

20
Q

what is synaptic consolidation?

A

occurs within the first few hours after learning or encoding
depends on synaptic plasticity mechanisms - - long lasting strengthening of the synapse e.g long term potentiation
- long lasting weakening of the synpase e.g long term depression

21
Q

what is systems consoldiation?

A

memories encoded within one brain region become independent of that regions, and become distributed across brain regions over a period of weeks to years e.g hippocampus and encoding
appears to depend on deep sleep

22
Q

what is memory consolidation/reconsoidation?

A

transfer STM to LTM
recent research has challenged the view that consolidated memory traces are permanent
it has been suggested that recativation (retrieval) of a memory returns it to an unstable state- the memory can be reconsolidated if it to persist
this leaves more room for interference and inaccurate memory recall (altered)

23
Q

therapeutic applications of memory reconsolidation

A

dysregulated signalling of the stress-related neurotransmitter
noradrenaline has been identified as a key biomarker underlying PTSD symptomatology (giustino et al 2016)
administration of propanolol (non-selective noradrenline β receptor antagonist) at the time of memory reactivation has been
shown to block the magnitude of physiological responses to a
remembered event

24
Q

what is long-term memory?

A

memories lasting longer than 30 mins (altough no strict definition)
robust and enormous capacity
memory stroage requires structural/biochemical changes in neurons and neural netowkrs
synaptic plasticity mechanisms- LTP and LTD