Learning Flashcards
A relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience
Learning
In organisms decreasing response to the stimulus with repeated exposure to it
Habituation
Learning that certain events occur together. The events maybe two stimuli or a response and its consequences
Associative learning
In classical conditioning the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response
Acquisition
A procedure in which the condition stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second conditioned stimulus
Higher-order conditioning
The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus(CS)
Extinction
The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
Spontaneous recovery
Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
Respondent behavior
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
Operant conditioning
Behavior that operates in the environment, producing consequences
Operant behavior
In operant conditioning research, a chamber containing a bar or a key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animals rate of bar pressing or keep pecking
Operant chamber
In operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Shaping
In operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement
Discriminative stimulus
In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
Reinforcer
Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response
Positive reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response
Negative reinforcement
And innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
Primary reinforcer
A stimulus that games it’s reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer
Conditioned reinforcer
Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
Continuous reinforcement
Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results and slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction
Partial reinforcement
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
Fixed-ratio schedule
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
Variable-ratio schedule
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
Fixed-interval schedule
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
Variable-interval schedule
And event that decreases the behavior that it follows
Punishment
Learning by observing others. Also called social learning
Observational learning
The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
Modeling
Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brains mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy
Mirror neurons
A type of learning in which one learns to link to where more stimuli and anticipate events
Classical conditioning
The view that psychology 1)should be an objective science that 2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologist today agree with 1 but not 2
Behaviorism
In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US)such as salivation when food is in the mouth
Unconditioned response ( UR )
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally–naturally and automatically–triggers a response
Unconditioned stimulus(US)
In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus (CS)
Conditioned response (CR)
In classical conditioning, and originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus(US) , comes to trigger a conditioned response
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
The tenancy, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
Generalization
In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that are not signal an unconditioned stimulus
Discrimination
The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
Learned helplessness
A mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned it cognitive map of it
Cognitive map
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Latent learning
A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem
Insight
A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
Intrinsic motivation
A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
Extrinsic motivation
Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior
Prosocial behavior
A system of recording, amplifying, and feeding back information about subtotal physiological responses
Biofeedback
Rewarded behavior is likely to recur
Law of effect
