learning

Question 1

Classical conditioning theory

Answer 1

Conditioning:
a. refers to automatic response
b. over the situation
c. through repeated activities.

This theory was also called respondent theory.

According to ivan pavlov in this theory “when a stimulus is paired with another
stimulus that will create a reponse which is called condition learning.
It is also called simulus-response model.
Materials of experiment: a dog, meat,bell and flash of light
Experiment:
1. At first when pavlov present a piece of meat , the dog produced saliva. But as
pavlov rang the bell with out showing meat the dog did make any response.
But as the pavlov presented a piece of meat with ringing the bell at a same
time, the dog produced saliva and when pavlov presented a piece of meat
after ringing the bell, the dog again produced a saliva.
2. After the pavlov paired the sound of bell with the flash of light the dog
produced saliva. So at last when pavlov only used the flash of light, the dog
produced a saliva previously attached with bell and bell was attached with
meat.
Understanding of experiment:
1. Meat is unconditional stimulus and saliva is unconditioned response.
2. Sound of bell & flash of light are neutral stimulus.
3. When neutral stimulus is attached with unconditional stimulus, it becomes
conditioned stimulus.
4. So the response showned by the dog is conditioned response.
5. At last this theory explains simple and reflexive behaviour of human beings
and highlight the passive aspect of human beings.
6. His theory concludes that wheen something happens, individual react in a
specific way.

Question 2

Operant conditioning

Answer 2

Limitation of classical conditioning: failure to explain the real nature of hunman
behaviour.
So to overcome this limitaion, operant conditioning theory was developed by B.F.
Skinner.
It is also called instrutrumental or reinforcement or response -stimulus model.
Operant: Refers to volunatry behaviour such as walking ,sleeping, eating, talking etc
This theory is based on Thorndike law of effect which he redefined the law of
effect as reinforcement.

According to this theory:
a. Human bengs involves in voluntary behaviour
b. Which produce specific response.
c. And this response finally determines the further behaviour.
d. And individual behaviour is developed, controlled and changed by the
consequences.
e. Consequences has two category 1. Reinforcement 2. Punishment
f. Reinforcement:something that strengthendesirable dehaviour which can be
positive or negative
g. Punishment : presentation of unpleasant consequences……….to stop annoying
behaviour of employees

Experiment:
1. Used white rat
2. Placed rat in a box called skinner box.
3. Rat start to move around the box and accidentally pressed a liver.
4. Delivered a pallet of food.
5. In this theory the rat learns that when lever is pressed that would deliver the
food.
6. But after reaching sudden point, skinner start the generator which delivers
electricity to the lever and when rat press the leaver ne he got shock and again he
pressed he got shock so he stopped pressing lever.

Conclusion:
a. Food is the consequences or reward and pressing lever repeatedly is
behaviour
b. Indvidual learns to get what they want and avoid to learn what they don’t
want.

Question 3

Cognitive theory

Answer 3

Cognition:
a. Refers to act of thinking
b. Perception
c. Use of intuition and experience
d. To gain knowledge.
Developed by Americal psychologist Edward Tolman.
According to this theory:
1. Individual involves in
2. Collecting,analyzing, eveluating and judging info
3. Internally
4. Influence their
5. Perception, reasoning and expectation.
6. At last they convert expectation into reality.
This theory is based on stimulus-stimulus (S-S) connection. One stimulus leads to
another stimulus
Here are some of the key features of cognitive learning theory:
* Learning is an active process: Learners are not simply passive recipients of
stimuli, but rather active information processors who construct internal
representations of the world around them.
* Learning is goal-oriented: Learners are motivated to learn by their goals and
desires.
* Learning is internal: The most important thing that learners learn is not
information or skills, but rather internal representations of the world.
* Learning is flexible: Learners can use their cognitive maps to adapt to new
situations and solve problems.
Experiment:
a. A rat and maze. Used three group of rat in same maze with or without reward.
b. First group rewarded, second by delay rewared or rewarded at last and another
was non rewared.
c. 1
st group were placed and food or reward was placed at one corner, the rat
moved straight to the station and used environmental clues through use of sense
organ and followed the same path.
d. Whereas the rat in non reward and delay reward group showed higher errors and
similar level of performance.
Key findings from the experiment:
* Rats without immediate rewards mapped the maze: Though no food was given
during initial exploration, rats later found the goal much faster, suggesting they
built a mental map.
* Learning occurred before reinforcement: The internal cognitive map formation
happened during exploration, not just when receiving the reward.
* Internal representation guided behavior: The map wasn’t just a passive memory;
it actively guided the rats’ choices and shortcuts within the maze.
How these findings support the theory:
* Active information processing: Rats didn’t simply react to stimuli; they actively
explored, processed information, and built a mental representation of the maze.
* Goal-oriented learning: Finding the food acted as a goal that motivated the rats
to learn and remember the path.
* Internal cognitive maps: The experiment directly demonstrated the existence of
internal representations guiding behavior, beyond simple stimulus-response
associations.
* Flexibility and adaptation: The rats adjusted their paths within the
maze, showcasing their ability to adapt their mental map based on new
information.
Limitations of the experiment:
* It tested spatial learning, which might not generalize to all types of learning.
* Individual differences in rats’ learning abilities weren’t explored.
* The role of emotions and motivations needs further investigation.
Despite these limitations, the experiment provides strong evidence for Tolman’s theory
by demonstrating how internal cognitive maps drive behavior and support active, goaloriented learning.
Overall, the experiment allows us to conclude that Tolman’s cognitive learning theory
provides a more comprehensive and insightful explanation of learning than the simple
stimulus-response model. It emphasizes the active role of learners, the importance of
internal representations, and the influence of goals and motivations.

Question 4

Social observation theory

Answer 4

It is also called social Cognitive learning Theory.
▪ Result of empirical research on human behaviour.
▪ Developed by Albert Bandura.
▪ By this theory neither stimulus from environment (classical and operant) nor the
self determination (cognitive theory) determine the learning, rather occurs
through direct observation and experience of an individual.
▪ Combines classical, operant,cognitive
▪ To develop the way of learning.
▪ Focus on how mental process involves in learning.
▪ Human are acive information process……..and think about relationships
between their behaviour and consequences.
▪ Human earnestly observe behaviours of different persons in our life and put in
practice that behaviour which we like or prefer most that creates the way of
behaviour.
Experiment:
1. Experimented with preschool child 🧒, a model and doll.
2. In experiment room, a model interacted with doll in front of child.
3. In one condition model interacted with toy in non-aggeressive manner
completely and in another model interacted with aggressive manner bitting
or kicking the doll.
4. And when child was left alone with the observation of camera, one who
were expossed with aggressive manner starts to do the same.
CONCLUSION:
1. Learning can be performed without actual performance or labled latent
learning
2. Observation learning requires the presence of four elements:
a. Attention: learners foucus on perception of learners behaviour,
factors influencing attention are: characters(attractiveness and
credibility), motivation and interest, salience(quality being
noticiable) of observed behaviour.
b. Retention: ability to remember and store info about observed
behaviour, factors influencing are: learner’s cognitive abilities,
rehearsal and practice, the ability of cognitive strategies.
c. Motor reproduction: learners ability to reproduce or imitiate the
observed behavior..involves translating the stored info into action.
d. Reinforcement: refres to motivation.

Question 5

Principle of learning

Answer 5

1. Learning is brings poesitive changes in human life.
2. It is based on certain guided principles called learning principles. They are:

a. Reinforcement: refers to something that strengthen desirable behaviour or
weakens the undesirable behaviours. Positive: promotion, opportunity etc
and negative: showinmg threats or fear etc.
**b. Generalization: explains that facing different external stimulus, individual
behav in same way based on their similarities.
c. Discrimination:situation where individuals facing two different stimuli
responding different way based on their differrences.
d. Punishment: **refers to the presentation of unpleasant consequences to
stop🛑 the annoing behaviour.
e. **Motivation:ATP learnes msut be motivated to learn something and
learning cannot be imposed.
f. Active involvement: individuals cannot learn merely their physically
presence at learning place they require deep consentration over the
learning materials.
g. Repetitions:** it shows the importance over stimulus. But it can create
irritation.
h. Extinction: when responses arenot reinforced that are eventually
disappeared.
i. Learning curve: ATP learning begins with raoid increasing trend unless
the plateauis reached and it start to decrease in the factor.
j. Feedback: refers to the process of giving info to the learners about their
learning and when the individual get feedback about their degree of
learning they will get more inspired to the the stimulus.

[RPE GDM ARL F]

Question 6

factors influencing learning

Answer 6

Learning is a dependent process which is influenced by different factors:
1. Psychological factors:include physical condition of a person like genetic makeup
Sense perception, physical health, intelligence, fatigue, time of learning, age ,
gender etc…
2. Social factors: include socail needs, reward and punishment, competition,
suggestions, co-operation etc..learning should always be positive and goal
oriented.
3. **Environmental factors: **inmclude light, noise, temperature, working
condition,org setup etc…
4. Nature of learning materials:include area , level of education, proper
presentation and organizarion of materials, practical implementation of learning,
special method of learning and timely testing…
5. Metholodogy of instruction: include auditory, visual and kinesthetic
6. Psychological factors: related to the study of human kind…..include learners
motivation, mood, perception, interest,schema, emotions etc….

: [2p SE NM]

Question 7

Learning ??

Answer 7

1. Process
2. Changing, development, maintaining
3. Skill, knowledge, competency and attitude
4. People
5. With the aim of bringing positive change on human behaviour.