Introduction of Organization Behaviour

Question 1

Level of OB analysis

Answer 1

1. Individual level analysis:
* first level of analysis
* also called mircro level analysis
* include the analysis of characteristics and behaviour
* also the thought processes that are attributed to them
* examinies individual differences i.e. personality, job satisfaction and job performance
* conducted by using psychological principles like motivation, perception, personalities,attributes and values.
2. Groub level analysis
* macro level study
* focus on the way people interact
* includes: group dynamics such as communication,decision making, leadership and conflict resolution
* contributng disciplines: sociology, social psychology and anthropology.
[group is defined as two or more individuals interacting and interdependent who have come together to achieve particular objectives]
3. Organizational system analysis
* focus on how people structure their working relationship & how organization interact with their external environment forces.
* analyse the behaviour and culture of the organization as a whole.
* examines how org structure, policies and procedures affect the emp behaviour and job satisfaction.

when group are combined together they form an organization. ** level of analyse human behaviour in an org at three different levels.**

Question 2

Organization behaviour system

Answer 2

1.Inputs:

• Inputs are the independent variable which determine the organizations output such as productivity, job satisfaction, absenteeism, turnover, organization citizen behavior etc.
• At individual level, major inputs are personality characteristics, norms, values, attitudes, personal back ground etc.
• **At group level, the common inputs are size, composition, cohesion, norms, values, roles, status etc.
• culture, technology, structure are the core inputs at organizational level or system level analysis.**

2.Process:
* It is a way or method of converting or transforming the inputs in to outcomes.
* *** At individual level various psychological theories such as perception, learning, motivation decision making etc. are used to convert inputs into outputs.
**
* * At group level, group dynamics, power and politics, intra group conflict, leadership are used to convert inputs in to outputs. These concepts are taken from sociology.
* At organizational level, various anthropological and political philosophies such as cross cultural communication, cultural diversity, human resources policies, intergroup conflict etc. are used.

3) Outcomes:

Outcomes are the desired or expected results of organizational behavior system. The expected outcomes of OB systems are as follows:
* Productivity:
* Absenteesim
* Employees turnover
* organization citizen behaviour
* Job satisfaction
* Feedback

A system is a set of interacting components forming a complet whole. It includes input process and output components.

Question 3

Fundametal concept(Assumption) of Organizational behaviour

basic assumptions

Answer 3

1. Nature of the people
   * Peoples are the animate resources of the organization which maintain-control-oxct other different resources,
   * Based on the nature of the people, OR has following assumptions:
   1. Individual differences:
   * Individual difference is taken from psychology and supported by science as DNA profile is unique and different from person to person.
   * From the day of birth, each person is unique, and individual experiences after birth tend to make people even more different.
   * Managers of the organization must understand the individual differences and act to address such differences.

II. Perception:

• Perception is the process by which people collect, organizes and interprets information by using their sense of organs.
• where two people can differently present a same object that is called selective perception.
• People judges the situation or events based on selective perception.
• Managers should understand that each individual is perceptually different and same thing is perceived differently and also work differently based on their personalities, needs, demographies factors, past experiences and social surrounding.

III. A whole person:

• According to this concept organizations feel that they are employing only brain and skills of people but in fact they are using whole person.
• This means employees have both personal life and home life.
• They also have background, emotion and sentiments.
• An employee’s personal life cannot be detached from his working life.
• Skills, knowledge abilities etc. cannot be separated from background and physical life cannot be separated from emotional life. So organization is using a whole person,
• Manager should treat an employee as a whole person. Further managers should not develop only a good employee rather a good person so that the person can contribute more beyond the organization and broader part of the society.

**IV. Motivated Behavior:
**
* According to this concept human behavior is caused, goal directed and controlled. People have different types of needs inside them.
* Needs propels activities and they are motivated to fulfil those needs.
* They are motivated to meet desirable needs and to avoid undesirable needs.
* Managers should understand the needs of people and act to satisfy the needs,

V. Desire for involvement:
* Every employee feels themselves good.
* They are actively seeking opportunities at work to involve in decision making problems.
* So, organization should provide them a chance to express their opinions, ideas and suggestion for decision-making problem,
* A meaningful involvement can bring mutual benefit for both parties

**VI. Value of the person:
**
* Employees are only animate factor who manage and maintain control over other factors of production such as land, capital technology etc.
* They deserved to be treated separately from other factor of production because they believed that they are the best creation of Gigd or nature and occupy higher order in the universe.
* managers should treat them with caring, respect and dignity by giving more value to their brain and mind.

2. The nature of organization:
1. Social Systems:
* As organizations born, grow and ultimately die in the society, they are a part of social systems and governed by social and psychological laws.
* Organization environment in a social system is dynamic.
* All parts of the system are interdependent.

II. Mutual interest:

• The concept of mutuality of interest is based on the assumption that “organizations need people and people in turn need organizations.
• People satisfy their needs through organization and organization accomplish their goal through people,

III. Ethical treatment:
* Ethics means morale values about what is right and what is wrong, what is good or what is bad,
* Ethical treatment is necessary to attract and retain valuable worker in the organization. Organization must treat employees in an ethical fashion to succeed..

Question 4

Contributing disciplines to the field of OB

Answer 4

1. Psychology: major topics: learning, perception, motivation,selection and recruitment,emotion,training and development,work stress etc…
2. Sociology
3. Socio-psychology
4. Anthropolgy
5. Political Science
6. Economics

Question 5

Mental Process

Answer 5

1. Thinking
2. problem solving
3. other aspects

Question 6

Determinants of individual behaviour

Answer 6

1. Beliefs
2. Attitude
   * components: cognitive components, Affective component and behavioral component
3. values
   * types: terminal and instrumental values…..
4. Needs
5. Motives
6. Behaviour
7. Emotions
8. Sensation
9. cognative dissonance

cognitive dissonance refers to the inconsistency between two or more attitude nad behaviour of an individual

Question 7

New challanges to the managers in OB

Answer 7

1. Responding to economic pleasure
2. globalization
3. managing workforce diversity
4. managing tallents
5. changing demographic forces
6. changing expectation of employees
7. technical advancement
8. improving ethical behaviour and CRS[corporate social responsibility]
9. Quality and productivity.