Learning Flashcards
Non-Associative Learning
You’re not building an association between a behavior & stimuli.
Repeatedly exposed to a single stimulus or event with no developed response.
Habituation
Sensitization
Habituation
Behavioral response decreases as you become more used to it.
EG: crows stop being scared of scarecrows.
Sensitization
Behavioral response to repeatedly occurring stimuli increases
EG: you hate your alarm more over time.
Associative learning
You build an association between behavior & stimuli (conditioning).
Done through personal experience.
Classical Conditioning.
Pavlovs Dogs
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Meat
Pavlovs Dogs
Unconditioned Response (UR)
Salivation
Pavlovs Dogs
Neutral stimulus (NS)
First bell ringing while feeding
Pavlovs Dogs
Conditioned Stimulus (CS):
Bell after association
Pavlovs Dogs
Conditioned Response (CR):
Salivation
What two traits must classical conditions contain?
Contingency & contiguity
Extinction
Over time, if US is not paired with CS,
they become decoupled.
Spontaneous Recovery
A previously extinguished conditioned response reemerges
Classical Conditioning
One stimulus predicts another stimulus
Operant Conditioning
A learning process in which the consequences of an action determine the likelihood that it will be performed in the future
Positive/Negative Reinforcement
Adds or subtracts a behavior with rienformcent
EG:
Positive reinforcement: Your dog gets treat for doing a good thing
Negative reinforcement: Take away kids’ chores because they cleaned their room.
Positive/Negative Punishment
Adds or subtracts a behavior with punishment
EG:
Negative punishment: Your walking your dog and it starts barking, so you stop and wait to stop them from barking.
Positive punishment: Your cat swats at you when they are angry. Adding swat to the environment to stop you.
Negative and Positive
Refers to the addition or subtraction of a stimulus that will contribute reinforcement or punishment.
Secondary Reinforcement
Reinforcing because of its conditioned relation to another reinforcer.
EG: reinforcing your kid is effective because they are your child.
Model-free learning
Directly updating the value of an action/object through direct experience with outcomes. Behavior is then guided by selection of the most valuable action.
Model-based learning
Using experience with outcomes to construct a mental model of the world. Behavior is controlled by the assumptions of the model.
Brain areas involved
in model-based learning
Amygdala & OFC
Opponent-process Theory
Your body gets ready for a stimuli if it’s anticipating it
EG: less of a high because you are in a location where you usually smoke.
The math of learning
Rescorla-Wagner Model
^Vcs = c (Vmax - Vall)
The change in value equal how much you can learn minus how much you have learned times your individual learning speed.
Unexpected and Expected Reward Learning
Dopamine response to reward when unexpected.
Dopamine response to associated reward cue.
Negative Reward Prediction Error
Expected reward learning when the reward is never given, despite cues. Results in crash when reward is supposed to happen.
Dopamine Pathways
Mesocortical
Nigrostriatal
Mesolimbic
Mesocortical Pathway
Midbrian- Frontal Cortex
Cognition, memory, attention, emotional behavior, and learning.
Nigrostriatal Pathway
Substantia Nigra - Striatum
Movement and sensory stimuli
Mesolimbic Pathway
Midbrain to limbic system
Pleasure and reward-seeking
Wanting VS Liking
Wanting has to do with conditioned dopamine receptors. (Addiction)
Liking is actually enjoying something opioid receptors.
Amygdala
Emotional responses (type of classically conditioned memory)
Fornix
Major output pathway from hippocampus
Hippocampus
Involved in basic associative learning
Involved in place memory
Striaitum
It is involved in decision-making functions, such as motor control, emotion, habit formation, and reward
Important for procedural memory
