Learning

Question 1

Non-Associative Learning

Answer 1

You’re not building an association between a behavior & stimuli.
Repeatedly exposed to a single stimulus or event with no developed response.

Habituation
Sensitization

Question 2

Habituation

Answer 2

Behavioral response decreases as you become more used to it.
EG: crows stop being scared of scarecrows.

Question 3

Sensitization

Answer 3

Behavioral response to repeatedly occurring stimuli increases
EG: you hate your alarm more over time.

Question 4

Associative learning

Answer 4

You build an association between behavior & stimuli (conditioning).
Done through personal experience.
Classical Conditioning.

Question 5

Pavlovs Dogs
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Answer 5

Meat

Question 6

Pavlovs Dogs
Unconditioned Response (UR)

Answer 6

Salivation

Question 7

Pavlovs Dogs
Neutral stimulus (NS)

Answer 7

First bell ringing while feeding

Question 8

Pavlovs Dogs
Conditioned Stimulus (CS):

Answer 8

Bell after association

Question 9

Pavlovs Dogs
Conditioned Response (CR):

Answer 9

Salivation

Question 10

What two traits must classical conditions contain?

Answer 10

Contingency & contiguity

Question 11

Extinction

Answer 11

Over time, if US is not paired with CS,
they become decoupled.

Question 12

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 12

A previously extinguished conditioned response reemerges

Question 13

Classical Conditioning

Answer 13

One stimulus predicts another stimulus

Question 14

Operant Conditioning

Answer 14

A learning process in which the consequences of an action determine the likelihood that it will be performed in the future

Question 15

Positive/Negative Reinforcement

Answer 15

Adds or subtracts a behavior with rienformcent

EG:
Positive reinforcement: Your dog gets treat for doing a good thing

Negative reinforcement: Take away kids’ chores because they cleaned their room.

Question 16

Positive/Negative Punishment

Answer 16

Adds or subtracts a behavior with punishment

EG:
Negative punishment: Your walking your dog and it starts barking, so you stop and wait to stop them from barking.

Positive punishment: Your cat swats at you when they are angry. Adding swat to the environment to stop you.

Question 17

Negative and Positive

Answer 17

Refers to the addition or subtraction of a stimulus that will contribute reinforcement or punishment.

Question 18

Secondary Reinforcement

Answer 18

Reinforcing because of its conditioned relation to another reinforcer.

EG: reinforcing your kid is effective because they are your child.

Question 19

Model-free learning

Answer 19

Directly updating the value of an action/object through direct experience with outcomes. Behavior is then guided by selection of the most valuable action.

Question 20

Model-based learning

Answer 20

Using experience with outcomes to construct a mental model of the world. Behavior is controlled by the assumptions of the model.

Question 21

Brain areas involved
in model-based learning

Answer 21

Amygdala & OFC

Question 22

Opponent-process Theory

Answer 22

Your body gets ready for a stimuli if it’s anticipating it

EG: less of a high because you are in a location where you usually smoke.

Question 23

The math of learning
Rescorla-Wagner Model

Answer 23

^Vcs = c (Vmax - Vall)

The change in value equal how much you can learn minus how much you have learned times your individual learning speed.

Question 24

Unexpected and Expected Reward Learning

Answer 24

Dopamine response to reward when unexpected.
Dopamine response to associated reward cue.

Question 25

Negative Reward Prediction Error

Answer 25

Expected reward learning when the reward is never given, despite cues. Results in crash when reward is supposed to happen.

Question 26

Dopamine Pathways

Answer 26

Mesocortical

Nigrostriatal

Mesolimbic

Question 27

Mesocortical Pathway

Answer 27

Midbrian- Frontal Cortex

Cognition, memory, attention, emotional behavior, and learning.

Question 28

Nigrostriatal Pathway

Answer 28

Substantia Nigra - Striatum

Movement and sensory stimuli

Question 29

Mesolimbic Pathway

Answer 29

Midbrain to limbic system

Pleasure and reward-seeking

Question 30

Wanting VS Liking

Answer 30

Wanting has to do with conditioned dopamine receptors. (Addiction)

Liking is actually enjoying something opioid receptors.

Question 31

Amygdala

Answer 31

Emotional responses (type of classically conditioned memory)

Question 32

Fornix

Answer 32

Major output pathway from hippocampus

Question 33

Hippocampus

Answer 33

Involved in basic associative learning
Involved in place memory

Question 34

Striaitum

Answer 34

It is involved in decision-making functions, such as motor control, emotion, habit formation, and reward

Important for procedural memory