learning

Question 1

Habituation

Answer 1

simplest form of learning.
Decline in response to stimuli that have become familiar through repeated exposure. It is beneficial for the species by preventing us from paying attention to every stimuli.

Question 2

Dishabituation

Answer 2

A previously predictable stimulus changes, causing the organism to renew its attention to the stimulus

Question 3

Sensitization

Answer 3

An increase in the strength of a response to a repeated stimulus.

Question 4

Classical conditioning:

Answer 4

a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response.

Neutral stimulus: a stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest.
Unconditioned stimulus (U C S): naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned.
Unconditioned response (U C R): is natural and needs no training.
Conditioned stimulus (C S): a once-neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Brings about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned response (C R): a response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus.

Question 5

Classical conditioning can lead to the development of:

Answer 5

Phobias, which are intense, irrational fears.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (P T S D), suffered by some war veterans and others.
Positive experiences, such as a song bringing back memories.

Question 6

Extinction:

Answer 6

a basic learning phenomenon that occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and disappears.

Question 7

Spontaneous recovery:

Answer 7

the reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning.

Question 8

Stimulus generalization

Answer 8

a process in which after a stimulus has been conditioned to produce a particular response, stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus produce the same response.
The greater the similarity between two stimuli, the greater the likelihood of stimulus generalization.

Question 9

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 9

the process that occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from one another.

Question 10

Preparedness

Answer 10

through evolution, animals are biologically predisposed to learn some associations mor

Question 11

Conditioned Taste Aversion

Answer 11

: a conditioned response in which the taste, sight, and/or smell of a particular food becomes disgusting and repulsive

Question 12

Operant conditioning

Answer 12

learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on the response’s favorable or unfavorable consequences.

Question 13

Thorndike’s law of effect

Answer 13

responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated.

Question 14

The Basics of Operant Conditioning

Answer 14

Psychologist B. F. Skinner developed the Skinner box: a chamber with a highly controlled environment, used to study operant conditioning with laboratory animals.
For example, a hungry rat is taught to press a lever in the Skinner box.

Question 15

Reinforcement

Answer 15

the process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated.

Question 16

Reinforcer

Answer 16

any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again.

Question 17

Reinforcer Potency

Answer 17

The key is the amount of time an organism, when free to do anything, engages in a specific behavior associated with the reinforcer.

Question 18

Premack principle:

Answer 18

A more valued activity can be used to reinforce performance of a less valued activity.