chapter 6 Flashcards
stimulus discrimination
ability to differentiate stimuli
preparedness
through evolution animals may learn some associtations more easily
behaviours related to suevival !!!!
rabbit eye blink
conditioned taste awarness
club sonrası tekila
John Garcia
some organisms were biologically prepared to quickly learn to avoid foods that smelled
Learned taste aversion could even occur
over very long periods and sometimes occurred after just one exposure.
rats water=biological preparedness
Operant conditioning
Unlike classical conditioning, operant conditioning applies to voluntary responses
Thorndike
responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated. ödül yani
makes a direct connection between the stimulus and the response without any awareness that the connection exists.
reinforcement
the process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated.
A secondary reinforcer becomes reinforcing because of its association with a primary reinforcer.
Reinforcer Potency
The key is the amount of time an organism, when free to do anything, engages in a specific behavior associated with the reinforcer.
+ reinforcement
a stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response.
- reinforcement
an unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated.
PUNISHMENT DEĞİL
Punishment
a stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again.
Corporal punishment
physical
effective punishment
reasonable, immediate, intense, after every transgession, Must not be signaled by discriminative stimulus
schedule of reindorcement
pattern of frequency
cont reinforcement sche
reinforcing of a behavior every time it occurs.
partial sche
reinforcing of a behavior some but not all of the time.
Partial reinforcement schedules maintain performance longer than do continuous reinforcement schedules before extinction occurs
fixed ratio sche
reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made.
variable ratio sche
reinforcement occurs after an average number of responses, but the reinforcement schedule is unpredictable.
stimulus control training
Stimulus control means your dog offers a specific canine behavior when you ask for it and doesn’t offer it if you haven’t asked for it.
dicrimintative stimulus
When a child asks for candy, she always gets one during grandma’s visit, but not in her absence. Grandma’s visiting is an Sd that controls the child’s asking behavior.
Shaping
the process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
Keller - Marian Breland
Chicken unable to learn how to play baseball.
In operant conditioning as in classical conditioning organisms are biologically more prepared to learn some types of associations more readily than others
Instinctive drift
the tendency for a conditioned response to drift back toward instinctive behavior
Banduras social cognitive theory
emphasises that people learn by observing the behaviour of models,,
Mirror neurons fire when one observes another person carrying out a behavior.
Observation modeling process
Attention: we must pay attention to the model’s behaviour
Retention: we must retain that information in memory so that it can be recalled when needed
Reproduction: we must be physically capable of reproducing the model’s behaviour
Motivation: we must be motivated to display the behaviour
Applications of obervational learning
Learning academic and sports-related skills
Enhancing prosocial behavior
Addressing global social problems (literacy, AIDS)
