chapter 12 Flashcards

Question

young brain

Answer 1

rapid development of neutral networks first to mature = basic survival functions, heartbeat, breathing Last = frontal cortex = highest level cognitive functions Brain= Myelinization Formation of new synapses and loss of unused ones Maturation of association areas Specialization of the cerebral hemispheres

Answer 2

Newborns can acquire classically conditioned responses Evidence for operant conditioning in 3-day-old infants (sucking a nipple in order to activate a tape recording of their mothers’ voice). can imitate facial expressions

Answer 3

love scannig environment preference for mother's face within hours after birth sense of taste respond to touch discrimination distinguidh different odors preference for human voice distinguish mothers voice

Answer 4

same age = same mistakes childrens thinking chnages with age

Answer 5

Assimilation=new experiences are incorporated into existing schemas Accomodation=new experinces cause existing schemas to change disequilibrium=imbalance between existing schemas and new experinces

Answer 6

Sensimotor stage=birth to 2 years,using images, language, or other symbols Object permanence: Awareness that objects continue to exist even if they are out of sight Preoperational stage: Period from 2 to 7 years of age that is characterized by language development Principle of conservation: Knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects Concrete operational stage: Period from 7 to 12 years of age that is characterized by logical thought and a loss of egocentrism Formal operational stage: Period from age 12 to adulthood that is characterized by abstract thought

Answer 7

Sense of self emerges at around 18 months of age (self-awareness/ self-conscious emotions) Begin to display pride, shame, and guilt at around age 2 Empathy, envy, embarrassment

Answer 8

the processes by which we evaluate and modify our emotional reactions

Answer 9

influences social behaviour and popularity Children who frequently display sadness or who cannot control their anger are less likely to be popular, and emotional competence remains important for well-being as children develop.

Answer 10

Young infants are also able to recognize emotions in the other people as well.

Answer 11

the process by which infants use the emotional responses of others to guide their actions.

Answer 12

Labeled the process of imprinting—behavior that takes place during a critical period and involves attachment to the first moving object observed. Harry Harlow studied attachment with infant monkeys

Answer 13

attachment that refers to the strong, enduring emotional bond between a child and his caregiver secure base. 5 phases: Indiscriminate attachment behaviors in newborns Discriminating attachment behaviors (3 months) Specific attachment behaviors (7-8 months) Goal-corrected partnership (age 3-4) Children and caregivers can maintain their relationships whether together or apart Lessening of Attachment

Answer 14

children play physically near each other, but they don’t try to influence each other’s behavior. Helps children learn physical and emotional self-control***

Answer 15

Authoritarian parents: those who are rigid and punitive and value unquestioning obedience from their children. Permissive parents: those who give their children relaxed or inconsistent direction and, although they are warm, require little of them. Authoritative parents: those who are firm, set clear limits, reason with their children, and explain things to them. Uninvolved parents: those who show little interest in their children and are emotionally detached.

Answer 16

Basic, innate characteristic way of responding and behavioral style

Answer 17

Ability to overcome circumstances that place children at high risk for psychological or even physical harm

Answer 18

Easy (Good-natured, easy to care for, adaptable) Difficult (Moody and intense, react to new situations and people negatively and strongly) Slow-to-warm-up (Inactive and slow to respond to new things, and when they do react, it is mild)

Answer 19

shy child tested 4 months 2 years 4 years and 7 yeatrs

Answer 20

: the development of individuals’ interactions and understanding of each other and of their knowledge and understanding of themselves as members of society. trust vs mistrust= birth to age 1.5 feeling of trust or lack of trust autonomy vs shame= 1.5 to 3 autonomy encouraged or shamed initiative vs guilt= 3 to 6 independence of actions sometimes - consequences indutry vs inferiortiy =6 to 12 + social relations or less social

Answer 21

11-12 girls 13-14 boys menstruation, spermarche

Answer 22

Neural networks are streamlined, especially in prefrontal cortex and limbic system that plays an important role in planning and coordinating behaviors that satisfy motivational goals and emotional urges PFC- Upsurge in activity of dopamine regulates emotional arousal, pleasure and reward and learning

Answer 23

Immaturity in the adolescent’s prefrontal cortex (difficulty in controlling impuses, which results in impulsivity and risk taking behaviour. Failing to take dangers seriously, as if they think that they are somehow invulnerable to harm or disease. Sensation seeking behaviour. Peer pressure

Answer 24

believing their experiences are unique

Answer 25

Identity diffusion: not yet gone through an identity crisis; uncommitted to a coherent set of values Foreclosure: not yet gone through an identity crisis; committed to an identity and set of values before experiencing a crisis. Endorsement of authoritarian values. Moratorium: currently in an identity crisis. Values are either absent or vaguely defined. Active exploration of alternatives. Identity achievement: resolved identity crisis

Answer 26

Males are five times more likely to commit suicide. Females attempt it more. Easy access to weapons is a factor, as is bullying. Suicides sometimes comes in clusters.

Answer 27

Morality of constraint: belief that morals are absolute (before age 9 or 10). Morality of cooperation: moral rules can be changed if they are not appropriate to the occasion, as long as people invloved agree to do so.

Answer 28

Proposed that people advance through increasingly sophisticated levels of reasoning about moral issues Level 1, preconventional morality: the main considerations are the avoidance of punishment and the desire for rewards. Level 2, conventional morality: membership in society becomes important; people behave in ways that will win the approval of others. Level 3, postconventional morality: people accept that there are certain broad principles of morality that should govern our actions; and these principles are more critical than the particular laws in a society.

Answer 29

Men view it primarily in terms of broad principles, such as justice and fairness. Women see it in terms of responsibility toward others and a willingness to make sacrifices—a morality of caring.

Answer 30

“good” and “bad” behaviors are learned through reinforcement and punishment Cultural conformity involves: Understanding that there are moral rules Being able to control impulses Experiencing negative emotions when rules are violated

Answer 31

: conscience develops through identification with parents Self-serving Moral emotions