chapter 13 Flashcards

Question

the big 5

Answer 1

Extraversion is characterized by positive emotions, surgency, and the tendency to seek out stimulation and the company of others Neuroticism is the tendency to experience negative emotions, such as anger, anxiety, or depression. Agreeableness is a tendency to be compassionate and cooperative Conscientiousness is the trait of being painstaking and careful penness to experience is a general appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas

Answer 2

. If we choose terms higher in hierarchy, we gain a more economical description with fewer, broader terms. If we choose terms lower in the hierarchy, we gain accuracy.

Answer 3

Benefits Provide straightforward explanation of people’s behavioral consistencies Allow comparison of one person to another Influence the development of several useful personality measures Drawbacks Validity of trait conceptions of personality Do not provide explanations for behavior

Answer 4

A certain level of consistency over time and across different situations is expected from every individual. This leads to the notion of personality traits

Answer 5

Stability /consistency*** Because traits are viewed as enduring behavioral dispositions, they should show some degree of stability over time. Yet they should not be unchangable.

Answer 6

It is the idea that people seem to behave much less consistently than a trait perception would predict

Answer 7

Traits interact with other traits, as well as characteristics of different situations Structured vs unstructured situations Consistency is influenced by how important a given trait is for a person Differences in the tendency to tailor behavior to a given situation Self-monitoring

Answer 8

Low Self-Monitors would behave largely consistent with their attitudes, while attitudes would be poor predictors of behavior for High Self-Monitors.

Answer 9

Personality is a collection of learned behavior patterns Similar patterns of reinforcement and punishment responsible for similar behaviors No emphasis on consistency and stability Humans are infinitely changeable through the process of learning new behavior patterns

Answer 10

Watch people seeming to react with pain after hearing a tone. Participants gave the same reaction when they heard the tone themselves.

Answer 11

Theories that emphasize the influence of a person’s cognitions and observation of others’ behavior, in determining personality

Answer 12

Has basis in observational learning Personality develops through repeated observation of others behaviors Internal capacities are also important Reciprocal relationship between the individual and the environment.

Answer 13

Belief that we can master a situation and produce positive outcomes

Answer 14

Views personality as variable from one situation to another. Situationism – View that personality cannot be considered without taking the context of the situation into account Cognitive-affective processing system theory (CAPS) People’s thoughts and emotions about themselves and the world determine how they view, and then react, in situations.

Answer 15

Personality is seen as a reflection of how people’s prior experiences in different situations affect their behavior

Answer 16

Sense of success in forming close bonds with other people

Answer 17

Component of personality that encompasses our positive and negative self-evaluations Difference from self-efficacy? Multiple domains People go through periods of low and high esteem Chronically low self-esteem: may lead to a cycle of failure where past failure breeds future failure

Answer 18

show self-absorption and hold inflated views of oneself In last 25 years, research shows significant increase in narcissism scores (?) Potential reasons Cultural differences

Answer 19

Some neglected internal processes Oversimplification of personality Helped make personality psychology a scientific venture By focusing on observable behavior and the effects of their environments Tend to share a highly deterministic view of human behavior Maintains that behavior is shaped by forces beyond the individual’s control Produced important, successful means of treating a variety of psychological disorders

Answer 20

Suggest that important components of personality are inherited Behavioral genetics Evolutionary psychology Family studies, Twin studies, adoption studies Certain traits are more influenced by heredity than others

Answer 21

- Degree to which a person assumes mastery and leadership roles in social situations

Answer 22

Tendency to follow authority

Answer 23

Some traits are more influenced by nature than others are. Evolutionary principle Genetic bases for trait inheritance Differences in the functioning of the nervous system

Answer 24

Genetics and personality: Identical twins are more similar to each other than fraternal twins on many psychological characteristics This similarity may also be due to exposure to similar environments Consistent results across cultures (Yamagata et al., 2006).

Answer 25

s-allele of 5-HT transporter gene Longer D-4 receptor gene thrill seeking tendency Structure of the brain It is unlikely that a single gene is linked to a specific trait. Enviornmental factors are also influential MAOA gene- criminal behavior (serial killer gene) s-allele The genes require environmental input

Answer 26

Individual differences in personality originate from variations in the sensitivity of the biological systems of reward and punishment. Related to motivation the behavioural approach system (BAS) The brain systems involved in the pursuit of incentives or rewards the behavioural inhibition system (BIS) The brain system that is sensitive to punishment and therefore inhibits behaviour that might lead to danger or pain. Similar to Eysenck’s theory but at a different orientation(Canlı, 2006). Eysenck’s model Reinforcement sensitivity model of Gray Research on temperament

Answer 27

Personality can be understood in terms of two basic dimensions: Introversion-extraversion Stability-instability (neuroticism) These “supertraits” are comparable to Big Five dimensions of Neuroticism and Extroversion These two dimensions can produce very diverse personality patterns

Answer 28

Differences in customary levels of arousal Introverts are over-aroused; extraverts are under-aroused These differences are associated with ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) Suddenness of shifts in arousal Unstable (neurotic) people show large and sudden shifts in arousal; stable people do not (Pickering & Gray, 1999). Source of the difference is the limbic system.

Answer 29

Twin studies support Eysenck’s notion that these traits have genetic basis Half of the variance can be attributed to genetic factors Eysenck believed that an individual's responses to environmental forces is at least programmed by biological factors Differences are not just limited to arousal levels.

Answer 30

Individual differences in personality originate from variations in the sensitivity of the biological systems of reward and punishment. Related to motivation

Answer 31

The brain systems involved in the pursuit of incentives or rewards

Answer 32

The brain system that is sensitive to punishment and therefore inhibits behaviour that might lead to danger or pain.

Answer 33

Individual’s behavioral style and characteristic way of responding that emerges early in life Individual differences are visible even during infancy. Assumed to have a biological basis Emotionality, activity level, sociability, impulsivity Influences the later development of personality Can be influenced by environment

Answer 34

Inhibited (20 %) vs. uninhibited infants (40 %) Responses to novelty. Impulsive vs. timid Inhibited babies get aroused faster and stress hormone secretion in response to unfamiliar situations and people Characteristics observed around 4 months persist in many kids (Bould et al., 2013)

Answer 35

Is person X active and dominant or passive and submissive? Can I dominate X, or will I have to submit to X?

Answer 36

Openness to experience, How smart is X, and how quickly can X learn and adapt? Conscientiousness, Can I count on X? Is X conscientious and dependable? Extraversion, Is person X active and dominant or passive and submissive? Can I dominate X, or will I have to submit to X? Agreeableness, Is X agreeable and friendly or hostile and uncooperative? Neuroticism, Is X sane or crazy?

Answer 37

the idea that multiple - even contradictory - behavioural strategies might be adaptive in certain environments and would therefore be maintained through natural selection Each trait has both costs and benefits that could relate to survival (Nettle, 2006)

Answer 38

Survival of the fittest. The aim is to maximize reproductive potential, passing one’s genes to the next generation. Evolutionary theory: mate selection, sexuality, gender differences.

Answer 39

Males should be under pressure to mate with as many females as possible to increase reproductive success This argument explains mating patterns in many mammalian species

Answer 40

Men show more interest in short-term mating Men prefer a greater number of partners Men have more permissive sexual attitudes

Answer 41

Males think and desire for sex and initiate in sexual encounter. Also, tend to interpret female friendliness as a sexual invitation.

Answer 42

When females do the choosing, the burden falls on the males to attract and persuade their potential partners.

Answer 43

why human males express a desire for multiple partners, and why it’s the female, in most species, who makes the choice about mating. By the same logic Natural selection explains why males take the major role in

Answer 44

Male: Younger females, physical attractiveness is important, domestic skills. Female: Older male, earning potential, status, ambitiousness.

Answer 45

: mating strategies reflect inherited tendencies that were shaped in response to different types of adaptive problems Common goal: survive and pass your genes to the next generation

Answer 46

: State of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential, each in a unique way

Answer 47

Maslow proposed that needs are arranged in a hierarchy.

Answer 48

Theory of the Self The Self: An organized, consistent set of perceptions of and beliefs about oneself It is an object of perception (the self-concept) Self-concepts - Set of beliefs and perceptions people hold about their own abilities, behavior, and personality

Answer 49

- Set of beliefs and perceptions people hold about their own abilities, behavior, and personality It is an internal entity that directs behaviour Self-concept vs what you experience congruence

Answer 50

Maslow proposed that needs are arranged in a hierarchy. After meeting our more basic needs, we experience need progression and focus on needs at the next level. If a need at a lower level is no longer satisfied, we experience need regression and focus once again on meeting that lower-level need.

Answer 51

an absence of conflict among self-perceptions

Answer 52

consistency between self-perceptions and experience

Answer 53

Well-adjusted individuals can modify the self-concept to maximize congruence Unhealthy individuals choose to deny or distort experiences Can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies Degree of congruence between the self-concept and experience defines one’s adjustment level

Answer 54

an inborn need for acceptance, sympathy, and love from others

Answer 55

communicates that the person is inherently worthy of love, regardless of accomplishments or behaviour

Answer 56

Dependent on how the child behaves

Answer 57

Benefits Highlights the uniqueness of human beings Guides the development of a form of therapy designed to alleviate psychological difficulties Criticisms Difficulty of verifying basic assumptions of the approach Making the assumption that people are basically “good”