learning 1 Flashcards
what is stimulus generalization
Stimulus generalization is when a learned response occurs with similar stimuli
what is spontaneous recovery
the reemergence of conditioned responding to an extinguished conditioned stimulus (CS) with the passage of time since extinction.
what is the unlearning of a conditooned response called
extinction
what is extinction
when conditioned stimulus no longer associated with conditoned response
- eventually distinguished
Kunst- Wilson and Zajonc 1980 study and term it found the ‘M… E……. E…..’
- showed people can develop preferences for objects theyve never seen before in absence of coscious recognition
- repretition of neutral stimulus acquiring positive value
- mere exposure effect
Bekerin and Baddeley 1990 study with house wives
- found hearing message over 1,000 times led to 85% recall rate
- but less info of detail
Ebbinghaus 1880 study of memory
- learning of nonsense syllables e.g WXZZ CAZZ BIJ
- observed you remember it if you put time in to remember
- found linear relationship in repetition, so more repeptiotion doesnt lead to more things remembered
Ericsson et al., 1993 role of music study
- found expert musicians accumalate more than 10,000 hours of practice compared to 5,000 hours for least experienced experts
Baddeley and Longman 1998 distributed practice study
- found 1 hour practice over several days more effective than 4 hour sessions
- 4 hour sessions made them forget more over time
how did pashler et al 2007 show an alternative study to Baddeley and Longman
- found spacing between learning is important
- use of 2, 2 hour sessions, 2 1 hour sessions and 1 2 hour and 1 hour
- found distributed oractice is better for skills
Karpicke and Roediger 2008 study
- studied importanc of testing
- vocab of foreign language
- 4 conditions: 2 involved continued testing of language pairs and other 2 involved no testing
- learned equally over 4 sessions however 2 that were tested retained much longer
Nilsson 1987 perception of motivation
if your interested in something you more likely to reherse or pay attention more but
- only indirectly important!!!!
what is explicit learning and types of learning it involves
- Explicit learning is when you consciously learn and remember things on purpose, usually through teaching or instructions.
- declarative learning
- episodic (biographical events)
- semantic (words, ideas, concepts)
what is implicit learning and types of learning it involves
- the process of acquiring knowledge or skills without conscious awareness of what is being learned or how learning is taking place.usually through exposure to patterns or repetition rather than explicit instruction
- non-declarative
- procedural (skills) and emotional conditioning
- priming effect and conditioned reflex
Bruce and Valentine 1986 study on primed fragments
- read passage A and not B
- given word fragments for each passage, able to fill out from passage they read but not as well on other
- SHOWS PRIMING TO COMPLETE THEM
issue with pairing
- may slow things down
what is procedural learning and who does it help
refers to the acquisition of skills or behaviors through practice and repetition, leading to automaticity and efficiency in performing tasks.
- amnesiacs
whats the pursuit rotar task
- following a moving object with a cursor and have to keep stylus on top of the target while its moving
- refines motor skills in amnesiacs
whats mirror tracing
- tracing a diagram of an item but all you can see is your hand moving in a mirror
- vision is obscured
- seen improvements in amnesiacs
whats the incomplete image task
- shows 3 imporved images as it goes on
- shown disorted image before to complete image
- shows better identifying in images in distorted form
- amnesiacs and non-amnesiacs show same rate of performance
what is classical conditioning
- the pairing of a neutral stimulus with a naturally occuring reflex that is only generated in response to something else through the learnings of associations
what are cell assemblies (Hebb 1949)
-refer to groups of interconnected neurons in the brain that become activated together in response to specific stimuli or during the performance of particular tasks
- related to LTM
- includes Long term Potentiation
what is long term potentiation
- the increased response of subsequent cells (cell assemblies) following repeated excitation of a cell
- LTP strong in the hippocampus and surroubnding regions
- belived to be related to LTM
what is priming
priming is a cognitive phenomenon where exposure to a stimulus (the prime) influences the processing of a related stimulus or response, often leading to changes in perception, behavior, or decision-making
