Learning 1 Flashcards
Define habituation
Simple words = Getting bored of the same stimulus once you get used to it
Proper definition = Decrease in response to a stimulus that has been exposed repeatedly, thus, you have become familiar with it
What does habituation rely on?
Memory
Why do we habituate?
When we habituate, we ignore familiar stimuli/info which allows us to concentrate on more important activities/info/stimuli
What are the 2 types of conditioning?
1) Classical conditioning
2) Operant conditioning
Who proposed the idea of Classical Conditioning?
Pavlov
Who performed Classical Conditioning on dogs to salivate?
Pavlov
What did Pavlov discover about dogs’ unconditioned stimulus and response?
1) He placed meat in the dog’s mouth (unconditioned stimulus)
2) Dog salivates due to meat (unconditioned response)
What did Pavlov discover about dogs’ conditioned stimulus and response?
1) The sound of the bell/person’s footsteps when meat is brought out (conditioned stimulus)
2) Dog salivate due to sound of bell/footsteps (conditioned response)
What is an unconditioned stimulus?
Stimulus that leads to an automatic response
What is a conditioned stimulus?
- Stimulus that leads to a response which requires training/learning beforehand
- AKA stimulus that can eventually trigger a condition response
Crabs retracting their eyes (Feinman et al) happens when (…) stimulus meets (…) stimulus
When a conditioned stimulus meets an unconditioned stimulus
Fish thrashing and octopus changing colour (Hanlon et al.) can happened when (…) stimulus meets (…) stimulus
When a conditioned stimulus meets an unconditioned stimulus
In human, training a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus can (List 3)
1) Cause increased galvanic skin response/arousal to gun shot noises
2) Reflexive eye blinking to puff of air on the eye
3) Link words to sexual arousal
What does Acquisition mean?
- When a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus
For conditioning to occur best, does the neutral stimulus come before or after the unconditioned stimulus?
Before and about half a second time difference
“The ringing bell is repeatedly paired with dog food”. This is an example of…?
Acquisition as the bell is the NS and dog food is the US
Describe how a graph, showing the acquisition of a condition response, would look like
- There is a learning curve which forms an Ogive
1) There is a slow but gradual increase in response strength in the first few initial trials
2) A few trials later (middle of the graph), there is a rapid increase in response
3) In the later trials, the rate of response slows down but still increases, as a result of practice/training (negative acceleration)
What type of conditioning is this?
1) You salivate when there is meat
2) Meat is paired with the ringing of a bell repeatedly
3) You salivate when both meat and bell are present
4) You even salivate when the bell is present but not the meat
5) When the bell is paired with the smell of oranges you also salivate
6) When you smell the scent of oranges even without the ringing of the bell or the presence of meat, you still salivate
Acquisition of conditioned stimulus (Pavlov’s Classical conditioning)
What is Extinction?
The fading or disappearance of behaviour that was previously learned by association with another event
AKA. When a conditioned response is weakened and behaviour eventually stops and becomes extinct
” When the unconditioned stimulus does not follow the conditioned stimulus, the conditioned response begins to decrease and eventually becomes extinct” What does this describe?
Extinction
What is this an example of?
1) Wolf salivates when it sees cats
2) Wolf salivates when it sees cats and the “Cat Shack” signboard
3) Wolf salivates even when it sees the “Cat Shack” signboard alone
4) But for one week straight, the Wolf repeatedly does not see cats near the “Cat Shack” signboard
5) Wolf no longer salivates when it sees the “Cat Shack” signboard
Extinction
What is spontaneous recovery?
When the unconditioned stimulus is paired with the conditioned stimulus again, after a period of extinction, and the conditioned response spontaneously recovers
What is reconditioning?
- When you relearn a conditioned response after an extinction period
- When unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus are paired again, the conditioned response returns to its original strength very quickly rather than starting from scratch
What is this an example of?
1) After a period of extinction, Wolf sees cats present near the “Cat Shack” signboard
2) Wolf immediately salivates to the sight of cats near the “Cat Shack” signboard
Spontaneous recovery and Reconditioning
What is Generalisation?
The tendency to perform a conditioned response in the same way you would to a conditioned stimulus, only now the new stimulus presented is not exactly the same but similar to the conditioned stimulus
What is this an example of?
1) Wolf salivates to the “Cat Shack” signboard and has officially been conditioned to respond this way once it recognises the signboard
2) However, Wolf also salivates when it sees the “Crab Shack” signboard as well as the “Tool shack” signboard because they share similarities with the “Cat Shack” sign
3) But once Wolf goes into the other shacks, it no longer salivates as there are no cats present
Generalisation