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IGCSE History > League of Nations > Flashcards

League of Nations Flashcards

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1
Q

Principles of the league

A
  • Leading powers were the Allied nations after WW1
  • All decisions had to be unanimous
  • League can: investigate, moral condemnation, impose sanctions, organize military response
  • Attack on one is attack on all = “collective security” (Article 10)
  • League had no army
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2
Q

Aims of the League

A
  • Discourage aggression
  • Encourage international cooperation and honorable relations between nations
  • Encourage the improvement of living and working conditions around the world
  • Encourage disarmament “to the lowest point consistent with national safety”
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3
Q

Structure of the League

A
  • Secretariat
  • Assembly
  • Council
  • International Labour Organization
  • Permanent court of International Justice
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4
Q

Secretariat

A
  • Kept records
  • Civil service
  • Advantage: body of experts making reports
  • Disadvantage: no action necessarily taken
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5
Q

Assembly

A
  • All countries
  • Met once a year
  • Recommends action to the Council - - Decisions had to be unanimous.
  • Advantage: all countries represented, recommended action
  • Disadvantage: unanimous decisions, only met once every year
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6
Q

Council

A
  • Countries in the Council had the power to veto decisions
  • Met five times a year
  • Power:
    Moral condemnation
    Economic + financial sanctions
    Military force of countries in the Council – Did not have its own army
  • Advantage: resolve things through discussion
  • Disadvantage: veto power, vague language
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7
Q

International Labour Organization (ILO)

A
  • Improve working conditions
  • Advantage: improve working conditions
  • Disadvantage: No action necessary taken
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8
Q

Permanent court of International Justice

A
  • Had the responsibility of settling disputes.
  • Made up of judges.
  • Advantage: resolve border disputes
  • Disadvantage: no action necessarily taken
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9
Q

Weaknesses of the league

A
  • Did not have its own military force.
  • Did not include the USA
  • Had no way of making sure countries followed its rulings.
  • Too slow to act
  • Self interest of main powers
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10
Q

Why didn’t the USA join the league?

A
  • Isolation: did not want to get involved in foreign affairs
  • Money: not get involved in using/spending money that was not for the country
  • American soldiers: did not want them to die
  • German Immigrants: many of them were in the USA, they did not like the TofV of LofN
  • Empires: did not support
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11
Q

Explain Vilna. (What year? What country? What happened? Successful?)

A

Polish – Lithuania (1920 – 29)
- Poland attacked Lithuania by capturing Vilna (capital)
- League protested to Poland, Poland did not obey
- Britain and France were no prepared to act
- NOT SUCCESSFUL

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12
Q

Explain Aaland Islands dispute. (What year? What country? What happened? Successful?)

A

1921
- Finland and Sweden disputed over Aaland Islands
- Court decided island should go to Finland
- Decision respected
- SUCCESSFUL

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13
Q

Explain Upper Silesia. (What year? What country? What happened? Successful?)

A
  • Dispute between Germany and Poland
  • League organized plebiscite to let people decide
  • SUCCESSFUL
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14
Q

Explain Corfu. (What year? What country? What happened? Successful?)

A

1923
- Albania and Greece border dispute
- Italian general sent to investigate was killed
- Italians blamed Greece and bombarded them
- League morally condemned Italy and said that Greece would pay if found guilty
- Italy complained in conference of ambassador and threatened to leave the League
- Greece had to pay regardless
- UNSUCCESFUL: unfair, covenant was broke

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15
Q

Explain Bulgaria. (What year? What country? What happened? Successful?)

A

1925
- Greeks invaded Bulgaria over border dispute
- League sent observers and Greece was at fault and had to pay
- SUCCESFUL

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16
Q

The league’s work in terms of refugees

A

Positive: 400,000 prisoners returned to their homes, league helped in camps during crisis in Turkey

Negative: constantly short of funds

17
Q

The league’s work in terms of working conditions

A

Positive: banning positive white lead from paint, children getting better working conditions

Negative: majority of members refused 8 hours per day

18
Q

The league’s work in terms of health

A

Positive: sponsor research, spreading good practice, develop vaccines

19
Q

The league’s work in terms of slavery

A

Positive: free 200,000 slaves, fought slave owners in Burna, reduce death rate from 50% to 4%

20
Q

Disarmament - Washington Conference

What year? What happened?

A

1920s
Plans in 1923 and 1926 all failed. Germany was only country that was disarmed – no other country was willing to disarm

21
Q

Kellog Briand Pact

What year? What happened?

A

1928
65 nations agreed to reject war, and to use the League in the case of any disputes that may arise. However, it did not state what would happen if countries broke the Pact.

21
Q

Locarno Treaties

What year? What happened?

A

1925
Germany accepted borders with France and Belgium and accepted the demilitarization of the Rhineland. As a result, Germany was invited to join the League in 1926

22
Q

Why did the Great Depression make the league’s work more difficult?

A
  • Britain unwilling to get involved in international disputes due to her own economic problems
  • France became increasingly suspicious of Germany and began reinforcing its borders (rise of Nazis)
  • Drops in world trade leads to high tariffs
  • Unemployment meant that countries would be less willing to get involved in international disputes
  • Extreme political parties gained vote
  • Some countries turned to militarism (eg Manchuria and Abyssinia)
  • USA unwilling to agree to economic sanctions from the league
23
Q

Timeline of Manchurian Crisis

A

1920s: Japan depended on importing food from China + was a major military power.

1929: Wallstreet crash – led to the Great Depression.

1931: Invasion 1 of Manchuria (China) by the Japanese Empire. They lacked raw materials, such as coal, and wanted to take control and set up a government in Manchukuo.

China appeals to the League.

February 1932: Manchuria is renamed Manchukuo.

Puppet state for Japan.

Disarmament conference starts in Europe.

September 1932: League investigates and provides Lytton report - Manchuria should be returned to the Chinese.

Late 1932: Shanghai is bombed.

February 1933: Invasion 2: Instead of withdrawing, Japan announced they would invade more of China in “self-defense”.

27th of March 1933: Japan resigns from the League after 42 League officials voted against their plans.

The next week they invaded Jehol.

24
Q

Conclusion of Manchurian Crisis

A

The League’s members (Britain + France) were more interested in keeping good relations with Japan, and not risking their navy —> No response/backlash from the League.

25
Q

Timeline of Abyssinian Crisis

A

1896: Italian troops tried to invade Abyssinia but were defeated.

December 1934: Dispute between Italian and Abyssinian soldiers at Wal-Wal oasis, Mussolini claims it was Italian territory

Abyssinian emperor appeals to the League after Mussolini began preparing an army for invasion.

January-October 1935: Mussolini supposedly negotiates with the League to settle the dispute.

Stresa pact: Formal statement against German rearmament.

Anglo-German Naval Pact.

Ballot was taken by the LofN in Britain: The majority supported the use of military force to defend Abyssinia.

4th September 1935: League decides that neither side could be held responsible and a plan was proposed to give Italy a part of Abyssinia, Mussolini rejects

October 1935: Italy invades Abyssinia, some economic sanctions imposed by the league, but they delay the banning of oil. No decision on Suez Canal

December 1935: Details of the Hoare Loval pact (secret meeting from foreign ministers to give 2/3 of Abyssinia to Italy) revealed by French newspapers.

February 1936: League finally concluded that oil should be sanctioned.

March 1936: Hitler orders the re-occupation of the Rhineland.

May 1936: Abyssinia is annexed by Italy.

November 1936: Mussolini signs Rome-Berlin Axis with Hitler.

November 1937: Mussolini takes Italy out of the LofN.

26
Q

Conclusion of Abyssinia

A
  • Take revenge for the 1896 conflict
  • Take control of the mineral wealth and fertile land of Abyssinia
  • Ineffective sanctions
  • Reaching decisions too slowly
  • Self interest
27
Q

How did the depression make the league’s work more difficult

A
  • Wall Street Crash in 1929 led to economic depression
  • Britain unwilling to get involved in international disputes due to her own economic problems (unemployment)
  • France became increasingly suspicious of Germany and began reinforcing its borders (rise of Nazis
  • Drops in world trade leads to high tariffs
  • Unemployment meant that countries would be less willing to get involved in international disputes
  • Extreme political parties gained vote
  • Some countries turned to militarism (eg Manchuria and Abyssinia)
  • USA unwilling to agree to economic sanctions from the league

IGCSE History (10 decks)

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