LE 2 CONCEPTS (M7)

Question 1

a function of soil type, rock type, antecedent water, and time.

Answer 1

rate of infiltration

Question 2

includes all the material between the Earth’s surface and the zone of saturation

Answer 2

vadose zone

Question 3

The upper boundary of the zone of saturation

Answer 3

water table

Question 4

a layer of variable thickness that directly overlies the water table. Water is drawn up into this layer by capillary action.

Answer 4

capillary fringe

Question 5

a formation that allows water to be accessible at a usable rate.

Answer 5

aquifer

Question 6

have non-permeable layers, above and below the aquifer zone, referred to as aquitards or aquicludes

Answer 6

Confined aquifers

Question 7

Sometimes a lens of non-permeable material will be found within more permeable material. Water percolating through the unsaturated zone will be intercepted by this layer and will accumulate on top of the lens.

Answer 7

perched aquifer

Question 8

has no confining layers that retard vertical water movement

Answer 8

unconfined aquifer

Question 9

confined under hydraulic pressure, resulting in free-flowing water, either from a spring or from a

Answer 9

Artesian aquifers

Question 10

Processes that contribute to groundwater recharge

Answer 10

• precipitation
• streamflow
• leakage
• artificial means

Question 11

any process that removes water from an
aquifer system

Answer 11

Groundwater discharge

Question 12

the driving force that moves groundwater

Answer 12

Hydraulic head

Question 13

Rate at which water and air move from upper to lower soil layers

Answer 13

Permeability

Question 14

groundwater withdrawal exceeds natural recharge rates

Answer 14

Overdraft

Question 15

emits alpha particles that can damage lung tissue

Answer 15

Radon

Question 16

Long term exposure can lead to kidney problems

Answer 16

Uranium

Question 17

• A term used to denote any liquid which is immiscible with water
• Associated with petroleum hydrocarbons such as those leaking
  from underground storage tanks or accidental spills from organic
  chemicals

Answer 17

Non-aqueous-Phase Liquids (NAPL)

Question 18

• Specific gravity less than water
• Primarily associated with the production, refining, and distribution of petroleum products

Answer 18

Light NAPL (LNAPL)

Question 19

• Specific gravity greater than water
• Related to a wide variety of industrial activities, including almost all facilities where degreasing, metal stripping, chemical manufacturing, or other activities involving chlorinated solvents were performed

Answer 19

Dense NAPL (DNAPL)

Question 20

Dissolved solids are carried along with the flowing fluid

Answer 20

Advection

Question 21

Mixing of the contaminant resulting from movement through complex pore structures

Answer 21

Dispersion

Question 22

Occurs when a concentration gradient exists

Answer 22

Diffusion

Question 23

the incorporation of a substance in one state into another of a different state

Answer 23

Absorption

Question 24

the physical adherence or bonding of ions and molecules onto the surface of another molecule

Answer 24

Adsorption

Question 25

as been established as a good adsorbent. Its effectiveness to remove heavy metals such as Zn, Pb, Cu, etc. has already been verified. Used in treatment of domestic and mining wastewater

Answer 25

Coco peat

Question 26

an oxidation-reduction reaction that is mediated by microorganism

Answer 26

Biodegradation

Question 27

refers to the cleanup or other methods used to remove or contain a toxic spill or hazardous materials from a contaminated site

Answer 27

Remediation

Question 28

prevent the pollutants in the soil or groundwater from spreading

Answer 28

Containment

Question 29

eradicate contaminated soil and/or pollutants

Answer 29

Removal

Question 30

technique application on contaminated soil and/or pollutants

Answer 30

Treatment

Question 31

subsurface barriers that impede or stop groundwater flow

Answer 31

Slurry walls

Question 32

consists of large sheets of iron that are driven into the ground that have zero permeability

Answer 32

Sheet Piling

Question 33

based on manipulation of water pressures. They are generated by the pressure differentials arising from the extraction of injection of water using wells or drains

Answer 33

Hydraulic barriers

Question 34

A very common and widely used method for removing contaminated materials.

Answer 34

Excavation of contaminated soil

Question 35

the most widely used remediation technique for contaminated groundwater. One or more extraction wells are used to remove contaminated water from the subsurface

Answer 35

Pump-and-treat

Question 36

a fluid is pumped through a contaminated domain to enhance contaminant removal,bthe fluid used is AIR instead of water.

Answer 36

Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE) (Air Sparging)

Question 37

Chemical oxidation by pumping chemicals/oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate. (usually expensive)

Answer 37

Chemical Remediation

Question 38

any process that uses microorganisms, fungi, green plants or their enzymes to return the natural environment altered by contaminants to its original condition.

Answer 38

Bioremediation

Question 39

supplying air and nutrients to soil to stimulate indigenous bacteria

Answer 39

Bioventing

Question 40

involves supplying oxygen and nutrients by circulating aqueous solutions to stimulate naturally occurring bacteria to degrade organic contaminants.

Answer 40

In-situ Biodegradation

Question 41

involves the injection of air under pressure below the water table to increase groundwater oxygen concentrations and enhance the rate of biological degradation of contaminants by naturally occurring bacteria.

Answer 41

Biosparging

Question 42

involves the addition of microorganisms indigenous or exogenous to the contaminated sites

Answer 42

Bioaugmentation

Question 43

done through plowing; is a simple technique in which contaminated soil is excavated and spread over a prepared bed and periodically tilled until pollutants are degraded

Answer 43

Landfarming

Question 44

combine contaminated soil with manure, food waste and agricultural waste

Answer 44

Composting

Question 45

engineered cells are constructed as aerated composted piles. Hybrid landfarming to make degradation faster

Answer 45

Biopiles

Question 46

processing of contaminated solid material (soil, sediment, sludge) or water through an engineered containment system

Answer 46

Bioreactors

Question 47

Vegetation-based remediation shows potential for accumulating, immobilizing, and transforming a low level of persistent contaminants.

Answer 47

Phytoremediation