Latin America Flashcards
- Spanish Rule
Peninsulares
Provinces are ruled by the king through Peninsulares. They lose power as less people come over to the Americas.
- Spanish Rule
Creoles
Haciendas (large estates) were run by the creoles. Creoles want to be in charge instead of Peninsulares. They were born there, so why shouldn’t they be the one’s ruling over?
- Spanish Rule
Poor
The villages are controlled by the natives and mestizo in Republic de Indios. They didn’t have active peninsulares controlling them since they were widespread, but still paid taxes.
- Causes of Independence Movements in Latin America
Friction between Creoles and Peninsulares
Creoles wanted to have more power than the Peninsulares since they were born in the Americas. It was a political movement about giving people more rights and establishing government for themselves. Creoles were being treated unfairly and wanted freedom like the US
- Causes of Independence Movements in Latin America
Rebellion
They were inspired by the Enlightenment from the Us in the 1700s, the french revolution, germany, italy, and greece. They wanted to get freedom and establish their own country like the US.
- Causes of Independence Movements in Latin America
Leaders
Led by the Creoles and Simon Bolivar. He believed that he should unite the American continent and all of south America.
- Causes of Independence Movements in Latin America
US and British Protection
The US and British protect newly independent countries (Monroe Doctrine 1823) to gain profit and good relations.
- Political Fragmentation
Bolivar’s Dream
Simon dreamed of unity and equality, but not for those lower in status than Creole.
- Political Fragmentation
Creoles (caudillos) actions
The creoles replace Peninsulares. They don’t centralize since they don’t trust a central power and want local control. Caudillos were regional warlords who stopped political or land reforms. There was a lot of instability because caudillos were constantly trying to get control.
- Political Fragmentation
Reform for poor?
The poor remain with few rights, like mestizo, zambos, slaves, and natives.
Haitian Independence (1791 - 1802)
Pre-revolution Rule
Ruled by France with French land owners at the top. They were heavily growing sugar. The Gens de couleur, “free people of color” were seen as second class citizens, with large #’s of slaves
Haitian Independence (1791 - 1802)
Inspiration
They were inspired by the American Revolution, enlightenment and for some of the Gens de couleur who fought in the American Revolution, they demanded political rights.
Haitian Independence (1791 - 1802)
Leaders
It was led by an educated son of a former slave, Toussaint Louverture. His previous owner paid for his education and had a good relationship.
Haitian Independence (1791 - 1802)
Reform
Haiti becomes independent in 1804 and the first successful slave rebellion because the army Napoleon sent stopped and got yellow fever, making it easier for the slaves to fight back. Napoleon let them go. They made their own declaration of independence and got a democratic government.
Mexican Independence
Revolution of 1821
Napoleonic wars weaken Spain and was led by the creoles. Local caudillo rule over local regions.
Mexican Independence
Post Revolutions (1820-1850)
General Santa Anna (caudillo) ruled over Mexico. The mexican american war made them loos ⅓ of their country and start to question the rule of General Santa Anna.
Mexican Independence
La Reforma (1850-1861)
President Benito Juarez limits military rule and catholic church influence. He gives common people land rather than caudillos and allows foreign corporations onto Mexican land. Allows suffrage for middle class males, freedom of speech (kinda), and suspends loan payments to foreign countries.
Mexican Independence
French Rule (1862 - 1867)
The French remove the president and establish a monarchy with Maximilian I on the throne. They end the suffrage and become pro church again.
Mexican Independence
Conservative Rule (1867 - 1911)
Mexicans rebel against France and Maximillian is assassinated, making Cinco de Mayo. President Juarez is deposed and Porfirio Diaz becomes a dictator. He seeks foreign investment to modernize country. This lowers wages in copper mines making the works angry because they don’t get help from the government and caused a civil war.
Brazil Independence (1822)
Napoleonic Wars (1800-1815)
Portugal was in a tough spot and Napoleon’s cousin was put on the throne. The king flees to his property in Brazil in 1807 since he doesn’t have a lot of resources or military. He leaves his son Pedro in Brazil in change in 1821 and claims himself as the Emperor of Brazil (1822-1834). He lets the creoles rule.
Brazil Independence (1822)
Leaders
Pedro goes against his father who is back in portugal and becomes the emperor. They gain independence from Portugal since Portugal doesn’t have a lot of resources or power.
Brazil Independence (1822)
Independence
Was the only time in Latin America where independence didn’t come with war.
Brazil Independence (1822)
Post-independence rule
He let the creoles locally rule
Brazil Independence (1822)
Continuity of Enslavement
Biggest population is from the salves. Slavery continues on creole plantations until 1888. Caudillos still own large plantations and exporting sugar. Last slave ships were stopped by the British.
- Colonial (Pre-Independence) Economy
Trade and Relationship with Spain
They were very dependent on the Spanish after their independence since they didn’t have a lot of wealth or stability. Had to buy Spanish products and other foreign goods.
- Inability of Latin America to Industrialize
They had a weak central government and no tariffs to tax importing goods to gain wealth. There was no protection of local industry against people buying outside goods.
- Post-Colonial Economy
Why did industrial economies want to trade with Latin America?
Because products were being sold at a low price, like bananas. They needed cheap copper for things like electrical wiring.
- Post-Colonial Economy
Latin America Exports
They sold raw materials like copper, bananas, sugar, palm oil, guano, meat, and cocoa, to the US and Britain. They were sold for a low price and had monoculture, which was risky and destroyed the environment.
- Post-Colonial Economy
Latin American Imports
They had to purchase finished goods from US and Britain at a high price.
- Post-Colonial Economy
Dependent Economy
They were used by Iberian countries for raw materials and their market. THey had a weak new government that was unable to pass tariffs to protect local industries. Had to get their products from other countries because they had limited industry.
US and British investments in Latin America
Latin America looked to get foreign investment to modernize the country so they didn’t have to pay for the mines. The us ran important copper mines that pay low wages. They also paid money to keep raw materials out of hands of citizens
Immigration by Choice
Voluntary migration was when Italian immigrants would move to Argentina for farm work during Italy’s winter.
Indentured servants
Voluntary migration was when italian immigrants would move to argentina for farm work during Italy’s winter.
Debt Peonage
Debt peonage continues on creole land where an employer compels a workers to pay off a debt with work.
Slavery in Latin America from 1750 - 1900
Slavery of africans was needed for sugar plantations and other jobs, but post Revolutions, slavery was outlawed because of the enlightenment influence, but the end of Slavery meant there was a need for workers. Brazil continued slavery until 1888.
