2nd Industrial Revolution (Mid 1800s-20th century)

Question 1

2nd Industrial Revolution

Answer 1

Led to New methods in the production of steel, chemicals, electricity, and precision machinery. Steel production becomes popular, the Bessemer converter helping to build tall buildings, bridges, railroad tracks, cars, and ships. Through 1830-1903, inventors made the typewriter, telephone, lightbulb, compress-airbrake, AC, a motor car, and the first powered piloted plane. They were able to use electricity in production, making the work hours longer and more product production.

Question 2

Bessemer Process

Answer 2

First inexpensive industrial process of steel. It removes impurities from iron by oxidizing it with air being blown through the molten iron.

Question 3

Division of Labor

Answer 3

Division of Labor heavily affected the quality of life during the 2nd IR and people were experiencing malformation and malnutrition. No longer did one person finish and entire job, but many people involved in producing one product. They were in factories for many hours of the day, under harsh conditions.

Question 4

Assembly Line

Answer 4

The assembly line caused harsher working conditions, with managers setting high standards. Each person is working at a different station, like division of labor.

Question 5

Businesses consolidation and Trusts

Answer 5

Business consolidation was multiple businesses coming into one larger one, creating organizations like Rockefeller, who monopolized on the oil business. Corporate trust is a large group of business interests with large amounts of market power. Refers to monopolies.

Question 6

Adam Smith and the “invisible hand”

Answer 6

Adam smith helped create the theory of Capitalism in 1776. Talked about how private businesses and competition was important, and that only the strong companies should remain. Thought the market was driven by the “invisible hand”, those who are selling, buying, and producing goods. The price of goods should be at wherever supply and demand meet. Nobody has the decision to decide what is produced, how it’s produced, ect.

Question 7

Laissez-faire

Answer 7

Idea of capitalism developed by John Stuart mill. Thought the government should stay out of the market, labor, cost, ect. It was the survival of the fittest businesses.

Question 8

Impact of the Industrial Revolution on the Standard of Living
Hours and Leisure time

Answer 8

There were cricket matches, Victorian football, and bars people could go to in their own time. However, because they had so many hours, they didn’t have time for these kinds of activities.

Question 9

Impact of the Industrial Revolution on the Standard of Living
Consumer Goods

Answer 9

While consumer goods go up since they are increasing the production of a certain item and people are going to buy it, it takes a lot of energy for a person to work in such conditions.

Question 10

Impact of the Industrial Revolution on the Standard of Living
Diet

Answer 10

Their diets were pretty good, with the creation of refrigerated steamships that allowed items like butter, eggs, meat, ect to be transported into Britain, giving them a new sustainable diet. Everything was cheap, so luxury items could be purchased.

Question 11

Impact of the Industrial Revolution on the Standard of Living
Family

Answer 11

There is no time for family since they are working for up to 16 hours a day, with little time to eat, sleep, and be with their families.

Question 12

Temperance

Answer 12

Because of high levels of alcohol consumption and drunken people, social reformers decided they were a danger to society’s well being, causing issues such as poverty, child neglect, immorality, and economic decline.

Question 13

Social Gospel

Answer 13

It is composed of upper and middle class women, who made the Salvation Army as a protestant church that did a lot of charity organizations. There was a YMCA made in the US, as well as soup kitchens, and other missions to help the poor seen made by the Social Gospel.

Question 14

Child Labor

Answer 14

Child labor was reduced and limited because of the Factory acts of 1833, Mining acts in 1842, and Education Act in 1870. Women lead this reform movement to limit child labor and fund public education.

Question 15

Government Reform (Started in 1832)
Unions

Answer 15

Unions were legalized and recognized

Question 16

Government Reform (Started in 1832)
Child Labor

Answer 16

There was free public education in the Education acts of 1870. Those under ten have to go to school. 10-13 year olds have to prove they can read, write, and do basic math. Parents who can’t pay can give their kids away to someone else who will pay for their schooling

Question 17

Government Reform (Started in 1832)
Suffrage

Answer 17

Almost universal male suffrage in from the 92nd great reform bill, 1867. Granted the ability for small landowners to vote, tenant farmers, shopkeepers, ect, who paid rent, and gave representation to cities.

Question 18

Government Reform (Started in 1832)
Sick Leave

Answer 18

There was paid sick leave, as well as the health insurance bill in Germany in 1911.

Question 19

Unions
Demand

Answer 19

They wanted better pay, safer working conditions, and shorter work hours

Question 20

Unions
Collective Bargaining

Answer 20

Some would walk out of the job and cause production to stop. Did this so factory owners would consider better pay and work hours/conditions.

Question 21

Unions
Strikes

Answer 21

The strikes at first were violent during the first industrial revolution. They took down railroads, and some set locomotives on fire. During the second industrial revolution, unions were recognized in the Union act, Factory act, giving them 10 hour days, and education for kids and limited child labor.

Question 22

Unions
Early Government Response

Answer 22

Police or the army were used to break up these violent strikes before recognized in 1871.

Question 23

Socialism

Answer 23

The goal was to improve proletariat lives in response to the spread of capitalism and industrialism. Public services should be nationalized, with lower prices for workers with little pay since the government shouldn’t need to make a profit on utilities, food, medicine, transportation, and education. Private businesses should be shared with all of societies and should benefit from each company.

Question 24

Communism

Answer 24

Because of business consolidation (multiple companies or units forming together to make a profit), like Rockefeller, small businesses were being taken over, making the prices higher. Communism wanted to control these companies, have no private business, and eliminate social class, as said by Karl Marx. Everybody should have their needs met and have total equality in an egalitarian society where there is no government but everybody working together for the same goal.

Question 25

Bourgeois

Answer 25

Were not as wealthy as capitalists. They were professionals, like factory managers, engineers, teachers, physicians, attorneys ect.

Question 26

Petit Bourgeois

Answer 26

Were the lower middle class people who were perceived as conservative. Karl Marx said they would not make it through economic development and competition, like a school teacher.

Question 27

Proletariat

Answer 27

Were people who produce the products that put money in the higher class’ pockets.

Question 28

Women

Answer 28

While women and often children in working class families typically held wage-earning jobs to supplement their families’ income, middle-class women who did not have the same economic demands to satisfy were increasingly limited to roles in the household or roles focused on child development.

Question 29

Upper-class Women

Answer 29

Cult of domesticity was the idea that women should be feminine and only care for children, and not have a job (bourgeois increase patriarchy). Women want more control/voice. Nurturing reform movements (edu., Suffrage, religious)

Question 30

Middle-class Women

Answer 30

Like upper and lower class, they wanted reform to limit child labor and fund public education. They didn’t have time for a job because they were given the duties of child care, household chores, ect.

Question 31

Lower-class Women (working class)

Answer 31

They must work since they don’t make enough money just by her husbands income, or just because she is single. The lower-class women want more opportunities for the young and single women.

Question 32

Urban Problems

Answer 32

The slums became overcrowded with poverty, crime, disease, pollution, making the people desperate. ⅕ of the population lived in cities in the 1800’s of 10 thousand people, but increased to ¾ of the population living in cities. These issues increased the crude death rate.

Question 33

Spread of Industrialization
Western Europe

Answer 33

England leads and tries to keep a monopoly over other countries. Corporate espionage was to entice industrialists, steal ideas, and kidnap inventors so they stayed in the lead of industrialization.

Question 34

Spread of Industrialization
Germany

Answer 34

Newly unified in 1870s. There were no internal tariffs. Were nationalists, who focused on heavy industry and building up military