2nd Industrial Revolution (Mid 1800s-20th century) Flashcards
2nd Industrial Revolution
Led to New methods in the production of steel, chemicals, electricity, and precision machinery. Steel production becomes popular, the Bessemer converter helping to build tall buildings, bridges, railroad tracks, cars, and ships. Through 1830-1903, inventors made the typewriter, telephone, lightbulb, compress-airbrake, AC, a motor car, and the first powered piloted plane. They were able to use electricity in production, making the work hours longer and more product production.
Bessemer Process
First inexpensive industrial process of steel. It removes impurities from iron by oxidizing it with air being blown through the molten iron.
Division of Labor
Division of Labor heavily affected the quality of life during the 2nd IR and people were experiencing malformation and malnutrition. No longer did one person finish and entire job, but many people involved in producing one product. They were in factories for many hours of the day, under harsh conditions.
Assembly Line
The assembly line caused harsher working conditions, with managers setting high standards. Each person is working at a different station, like division of labor.
Businesses consolidation and Trusts
Business consolidation was multiple businesses coming into one larger one, creating organizations like Rockefeller, who monopolized on the oil business. Corporate trust is a large group of business interests with large amounts of market power. Refers to monopolies.
Adam Smith and the “invisible hand”
Adam smith helped create the theory of Capitalism in 1776. Talked about how private businesses and competition was important, and that only the strong companies should remain. Thought the market was driven by the “invisible hand”, those who are selling, buying, and producing goods. The price of goods should be at wherever supply and demand meet. Nobody has the decision to decide what is produced, how it’s produced, ect.
Laissez-faire
Idea of capitalism developed by John Stuart mill. Thought the government should stay out of the market, labor, cost, ect. It was the survival of the fittest businesses.
Impact of the Industrial Revolution on the Standard of Living
Hours and Leisure time
There were cricket matches, Victorian football, and bars people could go to in their own time. However, because they had so many hours, they didn’t have time for these kinds of activities.
Impact of the Industrial Revolution on the Standard of Living
Consumer Goods
While consumer goods go up since they are increasing the production of a certain item and people are going to buy it, it takes a lot of energy for a person to work in such conditions.
Impact of the Industrial Revolution on the Standard of Living
Diet
Their diets were pretty good, with the creation of refrigerated steamships that allowed items like butter, eggs, meat, ect to be transported into Britain, giving them a new sustainable diet. Everything was cheap, so luxury items could be purchased.
Impact of the Industrial Revolution on the Standard of Living
Family
There is no time for family since they are working for up to 16 hours a day, with little time to eat, sleep, and be with their families.
Temperance
Because of high levels of alcohol consumption and drunken people, social reformers decided they were a danger to society’s well being, causing issues such as poverty, child neglect, immorality, and economic decline.
Social Gospel
It is composed of upper and middle class women, who made the Salvation Army as a protestant church that did a lot of charity organizations. There was a YMCA made in the US, as well as soup kitchens, and other missions to help the poor seen made by the Social Gospel.
Child Labor
Child labor was reduced and limited because of the Factory acts of 1833, Mining acts in 1842, and Education Act in 1870. Women lead this reform movement to limit child labor and fund public education.
Government Reform (Started in 1832)
Unions
Unions were legalized and recognized
Government Reform (Started in 1832)
Child Labor
There was free public education in the Education acts of 1870. Those under ten have to go to school. 10-13 year olds have to prove they can read, write, and do basic math. Parents who can’t pay can give their kids away to someone else who will pay for their schooling
Government Reform (Started in 1832)
Suffrage
Almost universal male suffrage in from the 92nd great reform bill, 1867. Granted the ability for small landowners to vote, tenant farmers, shopkeepers, ect, who paid rent, and gave representation to cities.
Government Reform (Started in 1832)
Sick Leave
There was paid sick leave, as well as the health insurance bill in Germany in 1911.
Unions
Demand
They wanted better pay, safer working conditions, and shorter work hours
Unions
Collective Bargaining
Some would walk out of the job and cause production to stop. Did this so factory owners would consider better pay and work hours/conditions.
Unions
Strikes
The strikes at first were violent during the first industrial revolution. They took down railroads, and some set locomotives on fire. During the second industrial revolution, unions were recognized in the Union act, Factory act, giving them 10 hour days, and education for kids and limited child labor.
Unions
Early Government Response
Police or the army were used to break up these violent strikes before recognized in 1871.
Socialism
The goal was to improve proletariat lives in response to the spread of capitalism and industrialism. Public services should be nationalized, with lower prices for workers with little pay since the government shouldn’t need to make a profit on utilities, food, medicine, transportation, and education. Private businesses should be shared with all of societies and should benefit from each company.
Communism
Because of business consolidation (multiple companies or units forming together to make a profit), like Rockefeller, small businesses were being taken over, making the prices higher. Communism wanted to control these companies, have no private business, and eliminate social class, as said by Karl Marx. Everybody should have their needs met and have total equality in an egalitarian society where there is no government but everybody working together for the same goal.
Bourgeois
Were not as wealthy as capitalists. They were professionals, like factory managers, engineers, teachers, physicians, attorneys ect.
Petit Bourgeois
Were the lower middle class people who were perceived as conservative. Karl Marx said they would not make it through economic development and competition, like a school teacher.
Proletariat
Were people who produce the products that put money in the higher class’ pockets.
Women
While women and often children in working class families typically held wage-earning jobs to supplement their families’ income, middle-class women who did not have the same economic demands to satisfy were increasingly limited to roles in the household or roles focused on child development.
Upper-class Women
Cult of domesticity was the idea that women should be feminine and only care for children, and not have a job (bourgeois increase patriarchy). Women want more control/voice. Nurturing reform movements (edu., Suffrage, religious)
Middle-class Women
Like upper and lower class, they wanted reform to limit child labor and fund public education. They didn’t have time for a job because they were given the duties of child care, household chores, ect.
Lower-class Women (working class)
They must work since they don’t make enough money just by her husbands income, or just because she is single. The lower-class women want more opportunities for the young and single women.
Urban Problems
The slums became overcrowded with poverty, crime, disease, pollution, making the people desperate. ⅕ of the population lived in cities in the 1800’s of 10 thousand people, but increased to ¾ of the population living in cities. These issues increased the crude death rate.
Spread of Industrialization
Western Europe
England leads and tries to keep a monopoly over other countries. Corporate espionage was to entice industrialists, steal ideas, and kidnap inventors so they stayed in the lead of industrialization.
Spread of Industrialization
Germany
Newly unified in 1870s. There were no internal tariffs. Were nationalists, who focused on heavy industry and building up military
