Declining Empires

Question 1

Tanzimat Reforms

Answer 1

It was the era in 1839-1876 after Sultan Mahmud, where the government allowed people to have freedom of speech, press, and all people to be equal under the law. Expanded education and made the curriculum more about science and less about the quran. Gave rights to non=muslims in the 1856 Reformation Edict

Question 2

Young Turk’s Reforms

Answer 2

They were people who demanded more power for themselves. They wanted universal suffrage so all men could vote, religious freedom, free public education, secularization (separate the mosque from state), and women’s rights. They seized control of the government in (1908) and ruled through a puppet sultan since he had legitimacy and they didn’t.

Question 3

Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)
Goals

Answer 3

The Taiping intellectuals wanted destruction of the Qing and a radical transformation of chinese society. They wanted to spread christianity, abolish private property for communal wealth, no footbinding/concubines, free public education, simplification of the written language to increase literacy, and industrialization.

Question 4

Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)
Elite Resistance

Answer 4

The chinese gentry who were dedicated to order in china, resented the Manchu army since they couldn’t defeat the Taiping scholars and peasants who were rebelling. Qing created regional armies made of chinese and commanded by members of scholar-gentry class, and the Taiping were overcame by these armies.

Question 5

Nationalism in the Balkans

Answer 5

It started because of the french Revolution. The ottomans had arabs, egyptians, algerians, and bulgarians, but believed their ethnic group should control the country. Nationalism had inspired greece to get their independence. provincial provinces in North Africa take advantage of their decline and becomes semi-autonomous or independent.

Question 6

Ottomanism

Answer 6

During the Tanzimat Era (1839-1876) while they were industrializing, the ottomans thought they should unite the empire by giving jews and christians equal rights. Millet communities were allowed to have their own law, but because of Ottomanism, they made everybody follow the same law.

Question 7

Ottoman Decline
Internal Factors

Answer 7

Nationalism from French Revolution makes it so the Ottomans thought they should rule their own ethnic groups, like bulgarian, egyptian, Algerian, ect. Wahabi movements made it so they didn’t industrialize or become enlightened. Janissaries also rejected new weapons so they don’t lose power to other military sources.

Question 8

Ottoman Decline
External Factors

Answer 8

Europe and surrounding countries were industrializing, making the ottoman economy weaken. The government was also weak because Sultan has so many children and not a premongeniter, so the sons kill each other for power. This allowed African provinces to break away because of the chaos. The Russia and Austrian/Hungarian empire starts to take over parts of the Ottoman territory, like the Balkan Peninsula.

Question 9

Ottoman Decline
Economic Decline

Answer 9

Ottomans were middle men for resources between Europe and Asia, but they started losing money because of industrialization. Have to buy exclusively from Europe since artisans rejected new tech and factories so they can’t compete. Don’t have tariffs. Causes them to become dependent.

Question 10

Qing Decline
Cause of Opium War

Answer 10

European trade was restricted in Guangzhou, had no control of trade, and had do trade with specially licensed Chinese firms. They grew opium in India to sell to China for only silver. This caused a draining of China’s silver and high amount of drug users.

Question 11

Qing Decline
Opium War

Answer 11

Commissioner Lin confiscated and destroyed 20,000 chests of opium that led to the British attacking in 1839. There were new types of war because of industrialization. China had knives and some muskets VS large scale ships, cannons, and war technology. The chinese junks were destroyed, and 70 streamers (brit boats) sailed up the yangtze towards the grand canal and caused China to surrender.

Question 12

Qing Decline
Economic Decline

Answer 12

Because of the 70 streamers going up through the yangtze, it disrupted internal trade. The buying of Opium drained their silver. Taxes were increased because they had no silver. The Treaty of Nanjing prevented China from levying taxes, leading to a weak government and no industrialization.

Question 13

Qing Decline
Internal Discontent After Opium War

Answer 13

British forced Qing to sign “unequal treaties”, and treaty of Nanjing where extraterritorial rights extended to british citizens (expatriates) and weren’t subject to Chinese law (like the ottomans). Christian missionaries were allowed, and they took away Korea and SE asia as tributary states. Qing thought foreigners were destroying chinese culture. Population growth= peasant revolts cuz no food. Corruption of government officials. Confucian exams breaks down cuz of cheating.

Question 14

Muhammad Ali’s Egypt
Independence from Ottomans

Answer 14

The ottomans look weak because they can’t protect them, so Muhammad Ali wanted to create a powerful Egypt. He became Semi-independent from the ottomans, and needed to westernize and industrialize. Used the discontent in the Ottoman empire to become semi-autonomous.

Question 15

Muhammad Ali’s Egypt
Reforms

Answer 15

He modernized the military, industrialized (some industry in textiles have to pay a high price).

Question 16

Muhammad Ali’s Egypt
Failure

Answer 16

Successors following are corrupt or not successful. They take taxes and the people rebel. They are forced to ask British for help and they end up staying and ruling through puppet leaders. Egypt becomes part of the British Imperial state and they now have cotton and want to build a canal (Suez Canal) in 1869 to no have to go around Africa.

Question 17

Sultan Mahmud (1800-1839)
Economic and Military Reforms

Answer 17

He massacres Janissaries that stopped them from evolving and is able to create a modern western army. Takes away power from islamic leaders like ulamas who were conservative. Creates western style of secondary school. Taxes the nobility because they need money and not have to depend on Europe. They needed railroads and telegraph lines, roads, bridges, anything to help create industry. In 1856 in the Reformation Edict, they gave non-muslims full equality and thought they shouldn’t discriminate.

Question 18

Sultan Mahmud (1800-1839)
Resistance of Elite Groups

Answer 18

During the Tanzimat Era (1839-1876), they allowed everyone to be equal under the law. They have more secular judges and not scholars. They expand public schools to primary education for elementary school, taking away from religious leaders and lead to more science, getting criticism from ulamas and religious leaders. They also get resistance from millet communities of christians and jews who because of ottomanism, now have to follow under Ottoman law.

Question 19

Self-Strengthening Movement in China (1860s-1870s)
Reforms

Answer 19

Local Bureaucrats given authority to make reforms. Allows them to raise troops, levy taxes, and run bureaucracies to promote military and economic reform. Return to confucianism to provide stability and return to their Chinese way of life. They blend chinese culture with European Industrial tech, like shipyard, railroads, weapons, steel and blast furnaces.

Question 20

Self-Strengthening Movement (1860s-1870s)
Failure

Answer 20

It led the foundation of industrialization but failed. Diverted funds were not enough to industrialize or encourage their agrarian ways. They had no support from Empress Cixi.

Question 21

Hundred Days Reforms (1898)
Reforms

Answer 21

Enlightenment inspired protection of civil liberties, a modern western military, to root out corrupt bureaucrats, remodel education, and encourage industrialization.

Question 22

Hundred Days Reforms (1898)
Elite Resistance

Answer 22

The Qing family and nobles imprison emperor for having such an idea. The original writers of the treaties had to escape to Japan. They wanted to not set out to industrialize through agrarian reforms or cultural traditions, but a constitutional monarchy that the nobles and royal family disagreed with.

Question 23

Wahhabi Movement

Answer 23

They were conservative religious men that thought that anything in the west is bad. As western Europe enlightens, they Wahhabists thought they were infidels and people who would corrupt society. THey have a lot of influence in the ottoman empire and try to push them back in time and not modernize/industrialize through western means.

Question 24

Discontent with the Qing
Foreign influence

Answer 24

Europeans and Japanese take advantage of the chaos caused from opium wars, revolts, and law changes. Industrial countries wanted access to Chinese raw materials and markets which made them want to open their doors to stimulate economic growth. Caused Foreign countries to have power over Chinese development

Question 25

Discontent with the Qing
Trans-national Businesses

Answer 25

They open transnational businesses to develop support for industry. Hong Kong and Shanghai banking Corporation was established in 1865 and heavily influences the world market.

Question 26

Boxer Rebellion (1899)
Uprising and its failure

Answer 26

Chinese nationalists want China for the chinese, so they created the Society of Righteous and harmonious Fists (boxers). Empress Dowager Cixi supported rebels. Saw them as a possibility to expel foreigners. Boxers were successful because of their guerilla warfare at night. China killed foreigners, chinese christians and chinese who had ties to foreigners. They believed ancestors would not let foreign weapons harm them, but international coalition returned to squash rebellions with guns.

Question 27

Boxer Rebellion(1899)
Indemnities

Answer 27

China had to pay indemnities and let foreign troops be stationed in Beijing.