Enlightenment, Nationalism, and Revolutions

Question 1

Enlightenment Origins and Beliefs (1700s-1800s)
Place of origin

Answer 1

Started in Western Europe, France, and Belgium. Didn’t start in Spain because they didn’t have a lot of wealth at this point, or the netherlands since they were so small.

Question 2

Enlightenment Origins and Beliefs (1700s-1800s)
Impact of Scientific Revolution on the Enlightenment

Answer 2

Turned to science instead of relying on the church’s beliefs and what they say is true. Scientific Revolution challenged the natural principles of life and religion.

Question 3

Enlightenment Origins and Beliefs (1700s-1800s)
Enlightenment view of divine right

Answer 3

Rulers should gain legitimacy from the people, not from bloodline or from the church. They sought kings who were responsible for the people they governed.

Question 4

John Locke (1689)
Reason for government

Answer 4

Governments exist to protect your rights, and if they aren’t, they can be replaced by someone who would govern them properly and fairly.

Question 5

John Locke (1689)
Natural rights

Answer 5

Rights of Life, Liberty, and Property. Personal rights should always be protected.

Question 6

John Locke (1689)
People’s responsibility

Answer 6

The people are allowed to replaced any ruler they don’t see fit. All mankind must be involved, be equal, and independent.

Question 7

Voltaire (Died 1778)

Answer 7

Criticized the Catholic church and disliked the persecution of religious minorities from the Catholic Church in France. Criticized the government for not protecting their personal rights, nor the censorship.

Question 8

Rousseau (1762)
State of Nature

Answer 8

Everybody should act based on what they require and their needs for survival. They begin as animals and aren’t good or bad. Sovereignty comes from the people.

Question 9

Rousseau (1762)
Why is democracy the best government?

Answer 9

Since democracy requires voting, the higher class people won’t vote on things that take away their own rights. Everybody is “equal”.

Question 10

Rousseau (1762)
Social Contract

Answer 10

This book argued that all government was bad, but that all individuals should participate directly in the creation of laws and policy.

Question 11

Causes of the French Revolution (1789)
Enlightenment

Answer 11

Previous to the revolution, they had lots of famine from loss of crops, causing riots from lack of bread. People now get the idea that the government causes them to have no personal freedoms and that the system benefits the aristocrats. Merchant class wants more power in the government and don’t want to pay more taxes.

Question 12

Causes of the French Revolution (1789)
France was Broke

Answer 12

France is broke because of the war with Britain as they sided with the New World to spite Britain in the 30 year war. They have population growth from the Columbian Exchange, creating an increase in poverty.

Question 13

Causes of the French Revolution (1789)
Taxes

Answer 13

Louis hope to raise the taxes on the poor to get more money, but can’t without the Estates General permission. They favor the aristocrats so they don’t get taxes, while the merchant class and the poor are heavily taxed.

Question 14

Causes of the French Revolution (1789)
Inequitable Estates General

Answer 14

Estates General can determine whether they can raise taxes by a vote of three for each social class. Clergy gets a vote, nobility, and commoners, but it is a 2-1 score to vote for raised taxes on the poor, while commoners are about 97% of the population.

Question 15

Rebelling against the French State
Tennis Court Oath (1789)

Answer 15

aid that they wouldn’t leave the Royal Tennis Court until a constitution is created where they share power with the King. The 3rd estate wants more power.

Question 16

Rebelling against the French State
Storming the Bastille (1789)

Answer 16

They strike the Bastille, a building representing the wealth in Paris, holding a stock pile of grain and food for the rich, military weapons, and prison for political prisoners. They raid the building and burn it, using military mercenaries by paying them to help. It was the start of the revolution.

Question 17

Rebelling against the French State
Reign of Terror (1793)

Answer 17

Jacobins, extremists against the monarchy, were violent and took over the executive branch, taking power. Believed French needs complete restructuring. It was a campaign of terror to promote revolution. Committee of public safety was said to eliminate any influence of Christianity or upper class people close to churches. They killed 40,000 thousand people by guillotine, making Maximilien Robespierre to go against them after running it. It ends after their failure of democracy, and the frightened middle class of excessive violence

Question 18

French Revolution and Women

Answer 18

Women start the revolution by marching on Paris because they can’t feed their families. Yelled to Versailles since that’s where the royals are. Force the king to open the gates for the grain. Women were not envisioned when it came to sharing political rights, as well as people of color.

Question 19

The Directory

Answer 19

It was to find a middle road between old regime and political radical revolution during the reign of terror under the Jacobins/Committee of public safety. There was constant instability with changing of rules and laws, and were faced with challenges from every estate. Couldn’t solve problems with the military.

Question 20

Napoleon’s uprising (1795-1815)

Answer 20

He was a brilliant military leader under france and overthrows the directory after fighting against British. Because of his military victory, he creates stability and opportunity and leggitimacy. He extended freedom of religion to protestants and jews. Uses ideas of nationalism to gain support, and spreads enlightenment/nationalistic ideas and napoleonic code.

Question 21

Napoleon’s decline (1795-1815)

Answer 21

He invaded Russia in the winter with 600,000 soldiers, and captured Moscow, but the Tsar refused to surrender. The russians set fire to the city and Napoleon’s soldiers had no shelter or supplies. British, Russia, Prussia, and Austria converge on France and force Napoleon off the throne in 1814, and the french monarchy is restored.

Question 22

Congress of Vienna after Napoleon (1815)

Answer 22

The people wanted a true elite/noble control of France. They undid everything Napoleon did, and put the monarchy back in power. During this meeting, they needed to make sure the monarchy is never threatened again, led by Austrian, Metternich. The five main groups (Austrian Empire) were anti-nationalismt and anti-enlightenemnt, censoring publications, and made spy networks to stave off nationalists. They return to conservatism and limit liberalism/drastic change.

Question 23

Revolution of 1848
Causes

Answer 23

Liberal/Enlightenment movements sweep western Europe even after the limited publication of the 5 central powers, coming from the nationalism ideas spread by Napoleon about how France should rule over everyone. The idea that france was superior reached other countries.

Question 24

Revolution of 1848
Demands

Answer 24

People want to be ruled by their own ethnic groups, unlike Austria who owned significant portion of Europe, but weren’t Austrian. They wanted the right to popular sovereignty, right to vote, constitutional government, and representation (universal white male suffrage)

Question 25

Revolution of 1848
Success

Answer 25

The congress of Vienna’s balance of power was weakening with nationalist revolts in Germany Rhineland, France, and Austria. The conservative forces, however, suppress revolutions in 1849.

Question 26

How did Nationalism Spread in Europe

Answer 26

The enlightenment and rebellions happening across Europe spread the ideas of Nationalism, as well as Napoleon’s idea of French Superiority and Napoleonic code. Italy unified since they didn’t want to be under Austrian rule, and stood together as an ethnic group. Germany also had unification in 1862-1871, Otto Von Bismarck and Realpolitik used war to expand lands and increase nationalism amongst German speaking people. Used Nationalism to get them to riot against their governing states.

Question 27

Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire
Greek Independance

Answer 27

Nationalism led to greek independence (1830) from the Ottoman empire. Greek didn’t like the Ottomans since they took the Christian children and turned them into muslims. Britain, France, and Russia aid the rebels and beat the Ottomans in 1827. Greece is now ruled by the greek language, orthodox, and no more christian boys are taken.

Question 28

Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire
Jewish Zionism

Answer 28

Jews had been the scapegoat for hundreds of years, and wanted their own state (last half of 19th century). Some even blamed the Jews for napoleon. They thought jewish people should have a right to own their national homeland. They declared they deserved land in Palestine and that jews should start migrating there. With their new found nationalism came an increase in anti-semitism.

Question 29

Reasons for middle class males gaining suffrage

Answer 29

The National Assembly (1789) passes enlightenment reforms, such as the Declaration of the Rights of men, meaning they have equality for all men, king no longer forms laws, and all men with property can vote for new legislature. After Committee of public safety, the directory, and Napoleon, they restore the previous government/monarchy and undo everything Napoleon did. During the Revolution of 1848, the people demand popular sovereignty, the right to vote, and representation, part of the universal white male suffrage. Merchants didn’t want to lose their money.

Question 30

Lower Class
Reasons for lower class demanding suffrage

Answer 30

Had to pay an unfair amount of taxes while the aristocrats didn’t have to because of the estates general. Wanted suffrage so they had more say in the government since the estates general isn’t a fair vote. The columbian exchange made their population grow, so more people ended up in poverty.

Question 31

Lower Class
Success?

Answer 31

Not at first because the Estates General had an unfair vote of Aristocrats, clergy, and then the commoners. Later in time, after the storming of the bastille, 1789, The national Assembly passing enlightenment reforms,and the National Convention, which got rid of the monarchy completely, they finally achieve some sort of suffrage as they now get a vote in the government.

Question 32

Abolition
Reasons for Abolition

Answer 32

Abolition of the government comes from them not protecting your rights of the system not working for the people, but against them. High taxes, no representation, outdated systems of government.

Question 33

Abolition
Examples

Answer 33

National assembly is created to get representation in the government and work hand in hand with the monarchy, that guarantees life, liberty and property, and men can vote for new legislature. Since Austria and Prussia go to war with France, they assembly creates National Convention where they abolish the monarchy.

Question 34

Women’s suffrage

Answer 34

During the reign of terror, Olympe de Gouges wanted more women’s rights and met the guillotine. Women went ignored during the time of Napoleon’s reign. They later went through enlightenment for equal rights. Unlike Rousseau’s beliefs that women don’t need education, they believed women need to be educated to educate their kids. They started getting more jobs, weaving cloth in industrial places, and led to suffrage movements in Germany,Britain, ect.

Question 35

Women and Reform Movements
Temperance

Answer 35

Because of high levels of alcohol consumption and drunken people, social reformers decided they were a danger to society’s well being, causing issues such as poverty, child neglect, immorality, and economic decline.

Question 36

Women and Reform Movements
Salvation Army

Answer 36

Protestant church run organization made for helping people and the homeless with charitable donations.

Question 37

Nationalism Develops in France
Cause of Nationalism

Answer 37

Nationalism develops because of new found freedom of the French government after the creation of the National Assembly, and dethroning of the monarchy. They found the French flag and used it to promote their country.

Question 38

Nationalism Develops in France
Examples of Nationalism

Answer 38

Creates patriotic fever, having new ideas now they don’t have a king. Develop a french flag, signs of equality, liberty, and fraternity. Napoleon uses this idea to gain support for army, spreading the nationalistic ideas since other cultures don’t want other cultures to control them.

Question 39

Napoleon Uses Nationalism in France
Napoleonic Code (1804)

Answer 39

Merit was gained based on education and employment, and get promoted if they did well in the military. They had political and legal equality for men and free public schools for men too. Some aristocrats could get some of their land back, but he limited free speech and publications, and ignored elective/representative bodies of government.

Question 40

Napoleon Uses Nationalism in France
How did the Code create unity

Answer 40

Nationalism helped gain support for the army. He wanted France to become a powerhouse, so he started spreading the idea that France was superior, creating nationalism to create pride amongst the french population.

Question 41

French Declaration of the Rights of Man

Answer 41

In 1789, the National Assembly and the Tennis Court Oath leads to this declaration. States that men are free and equal, get liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression. All citizens have a right to have a say and representatives in government. The king is no longer able to create laws, but work in tandem with the monarchy. Classical liberalism means down with the monarchy and up with the common man.

Question 42

Impact of the Declaration of the Rights of Man on France
Economic Changes

Answer 42

Peasant labor tax is gone, and the church loses power since they weren’t supposed to be filthy rich, but supposed to help out the commoners and poor. The church gets taxed, and loses lots of its land.

Question 43

Impact of the Declaration of the Rights of man on France
Societal Changes

Answer 43

Common people have more power in society now that they have a say in the government. Clergy has to swear loyalty to the state, started getting paid as being a priest is seen as an occupation, and they abolish the 1st estate, defining them as civilians. They move from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy.

Question 44

Italian Unification (1850’s)

Answer 44

Because of nationalism, Italy was unified in Mid 19s century since they didn’t want to be under Austrian rule. They stood together as an ethnic group so they could fight off those who suppressed them. Created unity and alliances and went against Spain and Austria.

Question 45

German unification (1860s)

Answer 45

In 1862-1871, Otto Von Bismarck and the realpolitik used war to expand lands and increase nationalism amongst German speaking people. They used it to get those under Prussian, Russian, and British rule to stand up. The German people were united through language.