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Embryology > Lateral Plate Mesoderm and Endoderm > Flashcards

Lateral Plate Mesoderm and Endoderm Flashcards

1
Q

what develops on either side of the intermediate mesoderm?

A

the lateral plate mesoderm

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2
Q

the lateral plate mesoderm ultimately forms

A
  • the heart
  • blood & lymphatic vessels
  • elements of blood
  • digestive system
  • respiratory system
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3
Q

what is the 1st functional organ and system to develop in the embryo

A

the heart

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4
Q

cardiogenic mesoderm is aka

A

presumptive heart cells

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5
Q

the cardiogenic mesoderm is the first to develop in the

A

primitive streak

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6
Q

during the heart formation various inducers stimulate formation of….while inhibitors prevent the abnormal location or formation of….

A
  • specific cell types
  • development of heart cells
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7
Q

what is known as a collection of stem cells that specifically forms heart related structures?

A

the cardiogenic mesoderm

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8
Q

the cardiogenic mesoderm is specified to form

A
  1. endocardial endothelial cells -> cushion cells -> AV channels
  2. atrial myocytes
  3. ventricular myocytes -> purkinjie fibers
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9
Q

what is one of the 1st genes to get introduced in precardiac cells

A

GATA 4

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10
Q

GATA 4 helps to produce

A

cadherin

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11
Q

cadherin helps to fuse the 2 heart rudiment halves into

A

1 tube by the 3rd week of gestation

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12
Q

initially the human heart is a

A

2 chambered tube w/ 1 atrium + 1 ventricle

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13
Q

the 2 halves of the heart tube are formed from the

A

medial aspects of the lateral plate mesoderm as they move closer together

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14
Q

when does the pulsation of the cardiac cells begin?

A

as the 2 halves of the tube fuse together

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15
Q

pulsation of the heart is dependent on the presence of the

A

sodium/calcium exchange pump

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16
Q

looping occurs at the

A

5th week of gestation in humans

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17
Q

how do transcription factors form the normal adult prototypical shape of the heart

A

by curving, bending, & reorienting

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18
Q

where are the atria and ventricles located prior to looping?

A

atria: lower/ distal end of tube
ventricles: upper proximal end of tube

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19
Q

abnormal looping may lead to

A

congenital heart defects

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20
Q

endocardial cushion cells form from the

A

endometrium

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21
Q

the endocardial cushion cells begin to shape the

A

atrioventricular channels

where the tricuspid and mitral valves form

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22
Q

proteins from the myocardium induce the endocardium to begin the actual formation of

A

valves in the channels shaped by the cushion cells

23
Q

vasculogenesis is the formation of

A

new vessels ‘de novo’ from the lateral plate mesoderm

24
Q

angiogenesis is the

A

remodeling of primary blood vessels into capillaries, arteries, veins

25
Q

what are the precursors of blood cells and vessels?

A

hemangioblasts

26
Q

what are known as aggregations of hemangioblasts?

A

blood islands

27
Q

vasculogenesis originates out of

A

blood islands

28
Q

VEGF is necessary for the

A
  • differentiation & proliferation of angioblasts
  • development of lymphatic vessels
29
Q

VEGF is secreted by the

A

mesenchymal cells near the blood islands

30
Q

VEGF dissociates

A

cell-to-cell contacts & ECM of the blood islands

31
Q

lymphatic vessels are synthesized from the

A

endothelial cells from the jugular veins

32
Q

explain how lymphatic vessels are synthesized from endothelial cells of jugular veins

A

by transcription factors that downregulate/suppress the genes encoding for blood vessels but allow the expression of genes for lymphatic vessels

33
Q

hematopoietic stem cells are undifferentiated stem cells used to synthesize

A

ALL formed elements of blood & lymphatic systems

34
Q

embryonic hematopoiesis originates from

A

blood islands of the mesoderm

35
Q

during ~ 6th week of gestation red blood cell formation occurs primarily in the

A

liver & spleen

36
Q

during blood cell formation by ~ the 28th week of gestion the

A

bone marrow takes over hematopoiesis which then continues through the adult phase

37
Q

erythropoiesis is under the control of the

A
  • kidneys
  • erythropoietin (hormone)
38
Q

the hormone erythropoietin stimulates the

A

bone marrow

39
Q

what begins forming at ~18-22 days of gestation in humans

A

the digestive & respiratory tracts

40
Q

the digestive tube buds off to form the

A
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
41
Q

what sprouts from the digestive tube?

A

the respiratory tube

42
Q

the respiratory tube forms the

A
  • trachea
  • lower bronchial passages
43
Q

what is known as the “food tube”

A

the esophagus

44
Q

the esophagus is posterior to the

A

trachea

45
Q

the esophagus leads to formation of the

A
  • stomach
  • small intestines
  • large intestine
46
Q

endoderm germ layer forms the linings of the

A

digestive tube

47
Q

mesenchymal cells of the mesoderm form the

A

smooth muscle necessary for peristalsis

48
Q

what is peristalsis

A

the rhythmic contraction of muscle to propel food through the digestive system

49
Q

the respiratory tube also requires the

A
  • endoderm germ layer
  • mesenchyme of lateral plate mesoderm
50
Q

what is the last organ to differentiate & develop?

A

the lungs

51
Q

premature babies typically need to reach the ________ week of gestation. why?

A

28th

  • to ensure respiratory system functions enough to meet the aerobic respiratory needs of their cells/tissues/organs
52
Q

in order to meet the aerobic respiratory needs of their bodies doctors are waiting for the production of ___________ in premature babies

A

surfactant from type II cells in the alveoli

53
Q

surfactant maintains the

A

compliance of individual air sacs

54
Q

what may speed up the final development of the respiratory system if early delivery of a child is impending?

A

steroid injections

Embryology (14 decks)

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