Exam 3 Flashcards
all but which of the following are formed out of the lateral plate mesoderm?
- heart
- lymphatic system
- urogenital system
- blood vessels
urogenital system
metamorphosis is the subtle changes within an organism, though to be under the control of ________ at the level of transcription in the nucleus
- protease enzymes
- growth hormones
- thyroid hormes
- induction factors
thyroid hormones
the 1st functional organ and system to complete development in the embryo is the ____?
- lungs/respiratory
- nervous
- heart
- digestive
heart
the “cardiogenic mesoderm” is collection of stem cells which will differentiate into structures directly releted to the heart. Therefore, what classification of stem cells would you place them in?
- multipotent
- totipotent
- pluripotent
- cardiopotent
multipotent
resveratrol is a substance in the skin of red grapes and in red wine which will do what as potential tool to slow or suppress the aging process?
- reduce LDL and cholesterol
- activates the SIRT-1 gene to regulate metabolic pathways
- is an antioxidant to reduce free radicles in the body
- is a CR copycat, which will minic a reduction in caloric intake
is an antioxidant to reduce free radicals in the body
while a portion of this anatomical structure undergoes apoptosis, come of the cells will remain to form a portion of the vertebral disc.
- notochord
- somites
- primitive streak
- medial hinge point
notochord
the vertebrae and rib cartilage are derives from this division (compartment) of the somites?
- myotome
- osteotome
- scleotome
- dermatome
scleotome
of the following characteristics, the one that does not apply to somite formation is……….
- forms from the tail region proximally
- form simultaneously on each side of the neural tube
- notch signaling determines the location of somite formation
- begin forming between 20-30 days post-fertilization
forms from the tail region proximally
the process of taking adult structures back to a stage undifferentiated cells in order to respecify them is referred to as……
- regeneration
- respecification
- cpmpensatory regeneration
- de-differentiation
de-differentiation
the axonal ends release ____ which is critical to stimulate mitosis within the blastemas for regeneration to occur
- growth hormone
- fibroblast growth factors
- calcium
- epinephrine
fibroblast growth factors
remodeling of the primary set of blood vessels into more refined capillaries is referred to as……….?
- vasculogenesis
- anastomosis
- angiogenesis
- preformation
angiogenesis
the initial pulsation of the embryonic heart is dependent upon the presence of which of the following?
- calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
- potassium influx
- sodium/potassium exchange pump
- sodium/calcium exchange pump
sodium/calcium exchange pump
scretions from the ____________induce the ____to begin valve formation in the heart
- myocardium, endocardium
- epicardium,endocardium
- endocardium,myocardium
- endocardial cushion, myocardium
endocardium, myocardium
an issue has occurred with the specification of the ____. therefore, the atrioventricular channels do not form properly
- paraxial mesoderm
- endocardial (endothelial) cushion cells
- angioblast
- AV endocardial cells
endocardial (endothelial) cushion cells
during the process of “somitogenesis” fissure formation requires __________.
- tyrosine kinases for separation to occur
- messenchymal cells producing an epithelial covering around each somite
- the apporproate temporal or time pattern for the formation of each somite
- expression of gene segments within the somites to form specific fissures or structures
tyrosine kinases for separation to occur
following a limb injury, without ____, epidermal skin cells are replaced and a scar is formed
- blood supply
- hormones
- an immune system
- nerve innervation
nerve innervation
vasculogenesis originates out of the ____ or aggregates of hemangioblasts.
- hematopoetic stem cells
- blood islands
- endothelium
- mesoderm
blood islands
regeneration of specific tissue in a variety of organisms due to loss or death of the existing tissue is known as…………?
- morphallaxis
- de-differentiation
- compensatory regeneration
- metamorphosis
morphallaxis
a failure of the syndetomes to develop or differentiate would lead to a decrease or absence of ____ formation.
- muscle
- tendons
- bone
- vertebrae
tendons
the blastema has the potential to develop into bone cells. cartilage cells, myocytes, nerve cells, and fibroblasts cells. Therefore, the answer below that best defines the blastema would be________?
- unipotent stem cells
- totipotent stem cells
- messenchymal stem cells
- embryonic stem cells
- multipotent stem cells
messenchymal stem cells
as mentioned in question #4, the “cardiogenic mesoderm” is a collection of stem cells that will differentiate into various structures of the heart. Which one of the choices below is not one of those parts of the heart from this stem cell source?
- endocardioal endothelial cells
- atrial myocyes
- SA & AV nodes
- ventricular myocytes
SA & AV nodes
the rhythmic contraction of the digestive tract knownn as peristalsis, is due to the movement of smooth muscle which is derives from the _______.
- lateral plate mesoderm
- sclerotome
- paraxial mesoderm
- notochord
lateral plate mesoderm
“deterioration prevailing over synthesis” is best described as which choice below?
- non-homeostasis
- biodegradation
- aging
- dr. lee
aging
T/F
lymphatic vessels differentiate and form in the embryoo as a result of the same growth factor that is necessary for the formation of blood vessels.
true
T/F
it is important ot reach the 28th week of gestation before a premature delivery. the reason given in your study guide is that this is when surfactant is typically produced to maintain compliance of the alveoli
true
T/F
the presumptive heart cells or “cardiogenic mesoderm” first develop in the primitive streak
true
T/F
the lateral plate mesoderm along with input from the endoderm germ layer, leads to formation of the heart and associated structures, ie, vessels and blood
true
T/F
rather than forming simultaneously down the nerual tube, somites are first formed down one side of the neural tube ans then down the other side of the tube directly across from each other
false
T/F
the heart forst begins to pulsate after it has gone through the looping process
false
T/F
the hematopoiesis process begins to occur in the bone marroe during approximately the 28th week of gestation
true
T/F
the process of erythropoiesis is primary under control of the heart which secretes a hormone to stimulate the liver
false
T/F
somite formation utilizes the same signaling process as was seen in juxtacrine attachment of cells to determine theor specific location
true
T/F
injections of testosterone and HGH may both be potential tools to stop or slow the ageing process
true
T/F
prior to “looping” of the heart tube, the presumptive ventricles are located at the lower, or distal end of the tube although they will eventually form the upper chambers of the heart
false
T/F
somites begin to form down the neural tube from the lateral plate mesoderm
false
T/F
from the beginning of its formation, the embryonic heart is a single tube with two atrial chambers and two ventricular chambers
false
T/F
we can see now why the nervous system is one of the first to develop within the growing embryo/fetus since the physiology of the pulsating heart will rely on some innervation
true
T/F
blastemas have been shown to induce regeneration by directly infucing or injecting Ffg2 into them in the absence of an intact nervous system innervation
true
T/F
certain “gene groups” have been identified that when expressed may lead to a longer life span. Also, shorter stature people may also have a genetic mutation linked to a longer life, (such as the story of Sadie Kaplan)
true
T/F
the respiratory system (tube) is the first to begin formation out of the endoderm germ layer followed by the beginnings of the digestive system (tube)
false
during fissure formation, the separation of individual somites requires this protein
tyrosine kinase
protein which induces myotome formation and the synthesis of muscle
MyoD
inducing factors from the ____ and neural tube stimulate the commitment of somites into scleotome, dermatome and myotome
notochord
gene segment that helps to produce cadherin and fuse the two heart halves into one tube
GATA 4
endochondral ossification is the formation of bone from which of your choices?
fibrous connective tissue
which of the above, forms the peripheral nervous system?
neural crest cells
what produces the epithelial covering around the somites
cardiogenic mesoderm
serves to shape the atrioventricular channels
endocardial cushion cells
the process which orients the presumptive heart tube into “normal” configuration
looping
which division of somites will eventually produce the vertebrae and rib cartilage?
sclerotome
