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Embryology > Fertilization: Beginning a New Organism > Flashcards

Fertilization: Beginning a New Organism Flashcards

1
Q

sperm develops from a

A

classical cell

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2
Q

the head of a sperm cell is known as the

A

acrosome

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3
Q

the acrosome of a sperm cell is derived from the

A

Golgi apparatus

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4
Q

the head of sperm cells contains

A
  • vesicle of digestive enzymes
  • nucleus of DNA
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5
Q

what is the function of the vesicle of digestive enzymes in the acrosome?

A

to penetrate into the egg

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6
Q

the sperm is made of what 3 subsections?

A
  1. head
  2. midpiece
  3. flagella
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7
Q

the midpiece of a sperm cell contain aggregates of

A

mitochondria

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8
Q

mitochondria in the midpiece of a sperm cell is used for

A
  • ATP production
  • motility
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9
Q

the flagella of a sperm cell is referred to as the

A

axoneme

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10
Q

the axoneme is a _______ arrangement of ____________ containing ____________.

A
  • 9+2
  • microtubules
  • dynein
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11
Q

dynein is a

A

ATPase enzyme

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12
Q

dynein hydrolyzes ATP as an energy source for

A

movement of the flagella

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13
Q

what is known as the maturation process of sperm

A

capacitation

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14
Q

capacitation occurs in the

A

reproductive tract

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15
Q

capacitation is achieved under the control of

A

chemical signals from the egg

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16
Q

what medical condition results from the lack of dynein enzyme?

A

Kartagener’s Syndrome

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17
Q

the lack of dynein enzymes results in

A
  • decreased sperm motility
  • infertility
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18
Q

extreme cases of Kartagener’s Syndrome exhibit the absence of

A

flagella & cilia

- leads to respiratory infections

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19
Q

some individuals w/ Kartagener’s will also present w/

A

situs inversus

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20
Q

define situs inversus

A

mirror image layout of anatomical structures

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21
Q

polyspermic fertilization is when

A

more than 1 sperm penetrates the egg cytoplasm

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22
Q

polyspermia results in

A
  • excess genetic material
  • loss of embryo
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23
Q

during egg development it accumulates

A

cytoplasm during oogenesis or formation

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24
Q

during sperm cell development it

A

loses volume

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25
Q

the cytoplasm of the egg contains

A
  • proteins
  • ribosomes
  • mRNA
  • paracrine factors
  • transcription factors
  • enzymes
26
Q

what is the function of the enzymes in the cytoplasm?

A

repair minor DNA defects

27
Q

where is the fusing site for sperm?

A

the egg cell membrane

28
Q

the extracellular envelope contains sperm/egg

A

recognition sites

29
Q

the recognition sites on the EC envelope are used for

A

species specific recognition

30
Q

in invertebrates the extracellular envelope is known as

A

vitelline envelope

31
Q

in vertebrates the extracellular envelope is known as

A

zona pellucida

32
Q

define cumulus

A

the ovarian follicular cells outside the zona pellucida

33
Q

what is the innermost layer of cumulus cells known as?

A

corona radiata

34
Q

the cortex is the

A

inside of the cell membrane

35
Q

the cortex contains

A

actin filaments

36
Q

the actin filaments form

A

microvilli

37
Q

microvilli on the cortex aid in

A

sperm entry

38
Q

what are cortical granules?

A

proteolytic enzymes used to prevent polyspermia

39
Q

where does fertilization occur?

A

in the upper third of the fallopian tube near the ampulla region

40
Q

at what stage is fertilization considered?

A

Carnegie stage 1: day 1

41
Q

translocation is known as the movement of sperm through

A

regions of the reproductive tract

42
Q

translocation is aided by

A

smooth muscle contraction in the myometrium of the uterine wall

43
Q

where does the maturation and motility of sperm increase?

A

in the fallopian tube

44
Q

increasingly warmer temperatures up the fallopian tube creates…

this is an example of…

A
  • hyperactive motility
  • thermotaxis
45
Q

what aids translocation?

this is an example of

A
  • chemical signals from the cumulus region
  • chemotaxis
46
Q

zona pellucida proteins bind the

A

acrosomal region of sperm

47
Q

binding of the zona pellucida proteins initiates ________ second messenger to open ____________ ___________.

A
  • G-protein
  • calcium channels
48
Q

a calcium influx causes the

A

release of enzymes from the acrosomal region

49
Q

the release of enzymes from the acrosomal region is for

A

digesting/entering through the zona and egg cell membrane

50
Q

the events of

  • calcium influx
  • release of enzymes
  • sperm entry through zona and cell membrane

stimulates…

this prevents…

A
  • cortical granules to release all sperm cells bound to ZP3 proteins
  • polyspermia
51
Q

what could potentially inhibit the binding of sperm to the zona layer?

this could potentially lead to…

A
  • anti-sperm antibodies
  • infertilization
52
Q

gamete fusion is when the

A

side of the sperm head fuses w/ the egg membrane

53
Q

what facilitates the recognition and binding process during gamete fusion?

A

microvilli binding regions

54
Q

list 2 major points in the importance of the zona pellucida encircling the developing embryo

A
  1. early release can cause embryo attachment to the fallopian tube
  2. failure of release can prevent embryo adhesion to the uterine wall
55
Q

embryo attachment to the fallopian tube can lead to

A

ectopic pregnancy

56
Q

in the uterine space if embryo fails to adhere to the uterine wall this can lead to

A

miscarriage or spontaneous abortion

57
Q

the egg nucleus has been arrested in

A

metaphase of meiosis II

58
Q

when does the egg resume the meiosis process?

A

upon entry of the sperm into the egg cytoplasm & Ca2+ influx

59
Q

once the sperm enters the egg the egg is

A

haploid completing meiosis

60
Q

the joining of genetic material is aided by the formation of

A

microtubules that draw the pronucleus of the sperm and egg together

61
Q

define zygote

A

fertilized egg

Embryology (14 decks)

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