Fertilization: Beginning a New Organism

Question 1

sperm develops from a

Answer 1

classical cell

Question 2

the head of a sperm cell is known as the

Answer 2

acrosome

Question 3

the acrosome of a sperm cell is derived from the

Answer 3

Golgi apparatus

Question 4

the head of sperm cells contains

Answer 4

• vesicle of digestive enzymes
• nucleus of DNA

Question 5

what is the function of the vesicle of digestive enzymes in the acrosome?

Answer 5

to penetrate into the egg

Question 6

the sperm is made of what 3 subsections?

Answer 6

1. head
2. midpiece
3. flagella

Question 7

the midpiece of a sperm cell contain aggregates of

Answer 7

mitochondria

Question 8

mitochondria in the midpiece of a sperm cell is used for

Answer 8

• ATP production
• motility

Question 9

the flagella of a sperm cell is referred to as the

Answer 9

axoneme

Question 10

the axoneme is a _______ arrangement of ____________ containing ____________.

Answer 10

• 9+2
• microtubules
• dynein

Question 11

dynein is a

Answer 11

ATPase enzyme

Question 12

dynein hydrolyzes ATP as an energy source for

Answer 12

movement of the flagella

Question 13

what is known as the maturation process of sperm

Answer 13

capacitation

Question 14

capacitation occurs in the

Answer 14

reproductive tract

Question 15

capacitation is achieved under the control of

Answer 15

chemical signals from the egg

Question 16

what medical condition results from the lack of dynein enzyme?

Answer 16

Kartagener’s Syndrome

Question 17

the lack of dynein enzymes results in

Answer 17

• decreased sperm motility
• infertility

Question 18

extreme cases of Kartagener’s Syndrome exhibit the absence of

Answer 18

flagella & cilia

- leads to respiratory infections

Question 19

some individuals w/ Kartagener’s will also present w/

Answer 19

situs inversus

Question 20

define situs inversus

Answer 20

mirror image layout of anatomical structures

Question 21

polyspermic fertilization is when

Answer 21

more than 1 sperm penetrates the egg cytoplasm

Question 22

polyspermia results in

Answer 22

• excess genetic material
• loss of embryo

Question 23

during egg development it accumulates

Answer 23

cytoplasm during oogenesis or formation

Question 24

during sperm cell development it

Answer 24

loses volume

Question 25

the cytoplasm of the egg contains

Answer 25

- proteins - ribosomes - mRNA - paracrine factors - transcription factors - enzymes

Question 26

what is the function of the enzymes in the cytoplasm?

Answer 26

repair minor DNA defects

Question 27

where is the fusing site for sperm?

Answer 27

the egg cell membrane

Question 28

the extracellular envelope contains sperm/egg

Answer 28

recognition sites

Question 29

the recognition sites on the EC envelope are used for

Answer 29

species specific recognition

Question 30

in invertebrates the extracellular envelope is known as

Answer 30

vitelline envelope

Question 31

in vertebrates the extracellular envelope is known as

Answer 31

zona pellucida

Question 32

define cumulus

Answer 32

the ovarian follicular cells outside the zona pellucida

Question 33

what is the innermost layer of cumulus cells known as?

Answer 33

corona radiata

Question 34

the cortex is the

Answer 34

inside of the cell membrane

Question 35

the cortex contains

Answer 35

actin filaments

Question 36

the actin filaments form

Answer 36

microvilli

Question 37

microvilli on the cortex aid in

Answer 37

sperm entry

Question 38

what are cortical granules?

Answer 38

proteolytic enzymes used to prevent polyspermia

Question 39

where does fertilization occur?

Answer 39

in the upper third of the fallopian tube near the ampulla region

Question 40

at what stage is fertilization considered?

Answer 40

Carnegie stage 1: day 1

Question 41

translocation is known as the movement of sperm through

Answer 41

regions of the reproductive tract

Question 42

translocation is aided by

Answer 42

smooth muscle contraction in the myometrium of the uterine wall

Question 43

where does the maturation and motility of sperm increase?

Answer 43

in the fallopian tube

Question 44

increasingly warmer temperatures up the fallopian tube creates... this is an example of...

Answer 44

- hyperactive motility - thermotaxis

Question 45

what aids translocation? this is an example of

Answer 45

- chemical signals from the cumulus region - chemotaxis

Question 46

zona pellucida proteins bind the

Answer 46

acrosomal region of sperm

Question 47

binding of the zona pellucida proteins initiates ________ second messenger to open ____________ ___________.

Answer 47

- G-protein - calcium channels

Question 48

a calcium influx causes the

Answer 48

release of enzymes from the acrosomal region

Question 49

the release of enzymes from the acrosomal region is for

Answer 49

digesting/entering through the zona and egg cell membrane

Question 50

the events of - calcium influx - release of enzymes - sperm entry through zona and cell membrane stimulates... this prevents...

Answer 50

- cortical granules to release all sperm cells bound to ZP3 proteins - polyspermia

Question 51

what could potentially inhibit the binding of sperm to the zona layer? this could potentially lead to...

Answer 51

- anti-sperm antibodies - infertilization

Question 52

gamete fusion is when the

Answer 52

side of the sperm head fuses w/ the egg membrane

Question 53

what facilitates the recognition and binding process during gamete fusion?

Answer 53

microvilli binding regions

Question 54

list 2 major points in the importance of the zona pellucida encircling the developing embryo

Answer 54

1. early release can cause embryo attachment to the fallopian tube 2. failure of release can prevent embryo adhesion to the uterine wall

Question 55

embryo attachment to the fallopian tube can lead to

Answer 55

ectopic pregnancy

Question 56

in the uterine space if embryo fails to adhere to the uterine wall this can lead to

Answer 56

miscarriage or spontaneous abortion

Question 57

the egg nucleus has been arrested in

Answer 57

metaphase of meiosis II

Question 58

when does the egg resume the meiosis process?

Answer 58

upon entry of the sperm into the egg cytoplasm & Ca2+ influx

Question 59

once the sperm enters the egg the egg is

Answer 59

haploid completing meiosis

Question 60

the joining of genetic material is aided by the formation of

Answer 60

microtubules that draw the pronucleus of the sperm and egg together

Question 61

define zygote

Answer 61

fertilized egg