Exam 2 Flashcards
following cleavage, compactation and formation of the morula, the primary event which occurs next is which of the choices below?
- implantation
- formation of the blastocyse
- fertilization
- gastrulation
formation of the blastocyst
a decrease or lack of motility in a eukaryotic sperm cell may be due to a loss of ____________ in the midpiece section of the cells
- centrioles
- MTCH
- ribosomes
- golgi complex
mitochondria
the dietary supplement, folate or folic acid, is crucial for which of the events below?
- for the formation of the somites
- for the complete closure of the neural tube
- for successful implantation of the embryo
- they are required for cavitation to iccur
for the complete closure of the neural tube
the answer below that is important in the process of “compactation” is ________?
- cadherins
- tight junctions
- gap junction
- all are important
all are important
the axoneme is a term or name for which if the following choices?
- flagella
- dynein arms
- extracellular envelope surrounding the embryo
- proteolytic enzymes used to prevent polyspermia
flagella
the process of capacitation of sperm cells is achieved under the control of which choice below?
- the proper environment within the reproductive tract
- by paracrine factors from neighboring sperm cells
- by chemical signals released from the egg{s}
- through peristaltic action from the myometrium of the uterus
by chemical signals released from the egg(s)
a key chemical related event to prevent “polyspermic fertilization” is provided by the _____?
- cumulus cells
- cortical granules
- keratinocytes
- acrocomal enzyme
cortical granules
one of the choices below is not associated with the epidermis and the integumentary system
- lanugo
- chief cells
- melanocytes
- keratinocytes
chief cells
the first signs of the neural plate formation is characterized by the presence of…..
- stratifies squamous epithelial cells
- neurulation at the caudal end
- columnar shaped dorsal ectoderm
- somite formation
columnar shaped dorsal ectoderm
the letter(s) below are necessary for the sperm cells to be motile through the reproductive tract
- ATP
- dynein
- axoneme
- 9+2 microtubule arrangement
- A,B,C,D
A,B,C,D
the condition known as Kartagener’s Syndrome results in individuals due to…..?
- the lack of enzymes necessary for formation of the acrosome
- similar cells necessary for the formation of tissues lose the ability to adhesive together
- maturation of the sperm within the reproductive tract does not iccur
- a lack of dynein enzyme and loss of motility and perhaps development of flagella
a lack of the dynein enzyme and loss of motility and perhaps development of flagella
the primary event which occurs at Carngie stage 1 is which of these answers?
- translation of mRNA into proteins
- the addition of cap and tail sequences to mRNA
- fertilization between sperm & egg
- implantation of the embryo
fertilization between sperm & egg
organized cellular movements within the embryo that result in the presence of the 3 distinct germ layers is referred to as ________.
- compactation
- cavitation
- cleavage
- gastrulation
gastrulation
the “vitelline envelope” is analogous to which of the choices below?
- the zona pellucida in the vertebrate species
- the cumulus in vertebrates
- glandular cells in the embryonic ectoderm of invertebrates
- the axoneme in the invertebrates
the zona pellucida in the vertebrate species
the principle ion necesarry for the fusion and exocytosis of digestive enzymes from the acrosomal region is…?
- calcium
- sodium
- potassium
- folate
calcium
thermotaxis, chemotaxis, and smooth muscle contraction of th emyometrium are important processes necesary to do which of the following?
- prevent polyspermic fertilization
- produce anti-sperm antibodies to inhibit the binding of sperm to the egg membrane
- “hatch” the embryo from the zona pellucida
- for “translocation” of the sperm through the carious regions of the reproductive system
for “translocation” of the sperm through the carious regions of the reproductive system
in the vertebrates, a sperns/egg site for species specific recognition intially takes place at the….?
- zona pellucida
- corona radiata
- vitelline envelope
- cortical granules
zona pellucida
a cell this is lacking the Golgi Apparatus would be unable to form a complete sperm cell due to the ________ missing.
- acrosome
- flagella
- midpiece
- nucleus
acrosome
which of the following may be found within the egg cytoplasm environment?
- ribosomes
- paracrine factors
- proteins
- A & C
- A,B,&C
A,B,&C
chemotaxis is derived by chemical signals from the ____ region to ais in translocation of the sperm through the reproductive tract
- cumulus region
- vitelline envelope
- fallopian tube
- cortical granules
cumulus region
males lacking the protein, ____, may suffer from male factor infertility due to decreased moltility.
- integrin
- dynein
- RAS-G protein
- transaminase
dynein
the ectoderm germ layer forms the largest “organ” of the human body. That would be the….?
- skin
- heart
- liver
- stomach
skin
the process of primary neurulation ultimately divides the ectoderm into all but which one of the choices below?
- neural tube
- neural crest cells
- epidermis of the skin
- primitive streak
primitive streak
the condition knoen as Karatageners Syndrome which may lead to infertility is also linked to antoher pathological condition which is _________.
- polyspermia
- situs inversus
- anti-sperm antibodies
- ovarian cyst
situs inversus
which of the following are related to the binding of sperm to the zona pellucida?
- activation of G-protein second messenger systems
- opening of calcium channels
- release of enzymes from the acrosomal regions
- all of these processes are activated or related to sperm - sona pellucida binding
all of these processes are activated or related to sperm - sona pellucida binding
A failure of the ____ to produce the hormones estrogen & progesterone could potentially lead to an inability of the embryo being caight and implanting into the uterine wall.
- uterus
- ICM
- trophoblast
- ampulla region
- corpus luteum
corpus luteum
T/F
Medical Hinge Points are anchored to the epidermis and allow for bending (hinging) of the neural plate
false
T/F
the maturation of sperm gradually decreases as the sperm cells move up the fallopian tube (oviduct) towards the site of fertilization
false
T/F
a zygote is considered a diploid embryo from the time that a single sperm cell has penetrated the egg cytoplasm prior to the beginning of mitosis
false
T/F
the trophoblast cells will attach to polysaccharide chains extending from the endometrium for implantation to take place
true
T/F
enzymes from the trophoblast are necessary for both the breakdown of the wall of the zona pellucida and also for burrowing of the embryo into the uterine wall
True
T/F
within humans, blastomeres divide in synchrony therefore always resulting in equal numbers of blastomers at any given time
false
T/F
egg cytoplasm volume increase during the process of oogenesis vs that of sperm formation which condenses during spermatogenesis
true
T/F
theh egg nucleus has been arrested metaphase of meiosis II and resumes the meiosis process at the time of ovulation from the ovary
false
T/F
failure of the embryo to release from the zona pellucida once in the uterus, can result in a loss of implantation into the uterine wall and a loss of the pregnancy
true
T/F
genetic control from the diploid nucleus of the zygote is controlling the cleavage process
true
T/F
fertilization in humans occurs in the lowers thrid of the fallopian tube (oviduct) near where the it transitions into the uterine space
false
T/F
the melanocytes in the epidermis serve to produce a dark pigment to the skin for protection of UV radiation
true
T/F
increasingly warmer temperatures up the fallopian tube create hyperactivity of sperm motility
true
an ATPase enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP for energy source for movement of flagellum
dynein
the primary protein used for binding of the acrosomal region of the sperm to the zona pellucida for penetration and ultimately fertilization of the egg
ZP3
the process of cavitation requires an influx of ____ into the center of the morula
sodium (Na+)
inside area of the egg cell membrane which contains actin microfilaments
cortex
the remnants of ovarian follicular cells outside the zona pellucida
cumulus region
proteolytic enzymes used to prevent polyspermia once activated
cortical granules
species specific sper/egg recognition site in the invertebrates
vitelline envelope
ultimately forms the peripherial nervous system
neural crest cells
the innermost layer of the cumulus cells
corona radiata
the fertilization event between a sperm and egg normally occurs closest to which region in the figure above?
- uterus
- isthmus
- ampulla
- infundibulum
- ovary
ampulla
an ectopic pregnancy, as indicated in figure, may have resulted from which of your choices below?
- premature release from the xona pellucida
- polyspermic fetilization
- Karatgener’s Syndrome
- decreased moltility of the sperm cells
premature release from the Zona Pellucida
