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Embryology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

following cleavage, compactation and formation of the morula, the primary event which occurs next is which of the choices below?

  • implantation
  • formation of the blastocyse
  • fertilization
  • gastrulation
A

formation of the blastocyst

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2
Q

a decrease or lack of motility in a eukaryotic sperm cell may be due to a loss of ____________ in the midpiece section of the cells

  • centrioles
  • MTCH
  • ribosomes
  • golgi complex
A

mitochondria

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3
Q

the dietary supplement, folate or folic acid, is crucial for which of the events below?

  • for the formation of the somites
  • for the complete closure of the neural tube
  • for successful implantation of the embryo
  • they are required for cavitation to iccur
A

for the complete closure of the neural tube

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4
Q

the answer below that is important in the process of “compactation” is ________?

  • cadherins
  • tight junctions
  • gap junction
  • all are important
A

all are important

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5
Q

the axoneme is a term or name for which if the following choices?

  • flagella
  • dynein arms
  • extracellular envelope surrounding the embryo
  • proteolytic enzymes used to prevent polyspermia
A

flagella

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6
Q

the process of capacitation of sperm cells is achieved under the control of which choice below?

  • the proper environment within the reproductive tract
  • by paracrine factors from neighboring sperm cells
  • by chemical signals released from the egg{s}
  • through peristaltic action from the myometrium of the uterus
A

by chemical signals released from the egg(s)

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7
Q

a key chemical related event to prevent “polyspermic fertilization” is provided by the _____?

  • cumulus cells
  • cortical granules
  • keratinocytes
  • acrocomal enzyme
A

cortical granules

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8
Q

one of the choices below is not associated with the epidermis and the integumentary system

  • lanugo
  • chief cells
  • melanocytes
  • keratinocytes
A

chief cells

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9
Q

the first signs of the neural plate formation is characterized by the presence of…..

  • stratifies squamous epithelial cells
  • neurulation at the caudal end
  • columnar shaped dorsal ectoderm
  • somite formation
A

columnar shaped dorsal ectoderm

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10
Q

the letter(s) below are necessary for the sperm cells to be motile through the reproductive tract

  • ATP
  • dynein
  • axoneme
  • 9+2 microtubule arrangement
  • A,B,C,D
A

A,B,C,D

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11
Q

the condition known as Kartagener’s Syndrome results in individuals due to…..?

  • the lack of enzymes necessary for formation of the acrosome
  • similar cells necessary for the formation of tissues lose the ability to adhesive together
  • maturation of the sperm within the reproductive tract does not iccur
  • a lack of dynein enzyme and loss of motility and perhaps development of flagella
A

a lack of the dynein enzyme and loss of motility and perhaps development of flagella

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12
Q

the primary event which occurs at Carngie stage 1 is which of these answers?

  • translation of mRNA into proteins
  • the addition of cap and tail sequences to mRNA
  • fertilization between sperm & egg
  • implantation of the embryo
A

fertilization between sperm & egg

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13
Q

organized cellular movements within the embryo that result in the presence of the 3 distinct germ layers is referred to as ________.

  • compactation
  • cavitation
  • cleavage
  • gastrulation
A

gastrulation

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14
Q

the “vitelline envelope” is analogous to which of the choices below?

  • the zona pellucida in the vertebrate species
  • the cumulus in vertebrates
  • glandular cells in the embryonic ectoderm of invertebrates
  • the axoneme in the invertebrates
A

the zona pellucida in the vertebrate species

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15
Q

the principle ion necesarry for the fusion and exocytosis of digestive enzymes from the acrosomal region is…?

  • calcium
  • sodium
  • potassium
  • folate
A

calcium

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16
Q

thermotaxis, chemotaxis, and smooth muscle contraction of th emyometrium are important processes necesary to do which of the following?

  • prevent polyspermic fertilization
  • produce anti-sperm antibodies to inhibit the binding of sperm to the egg membrane
  • “hatch” the embryo from the zona pellucida
  • for “translocation” of the sperm through the carious regions of the reproductive system
A

for “translocation” of the sperm through the carious regions of the reproductive system

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17
Q

in the vertebrates, a sperns/egg site for species specific recognition intially takes place at the….?

  • zona pellucida
  • corona radiata
  • vitelline envelope
  • cortical granules
A

zona pellucida

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18
Q

a cell this is lacking the Golgi Apparatus would be unable to form a complete sperm cell due to the ________ missing.

  • acrosome
  • flagella
  • midpiece
  • nucleus
A

acrosome

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19
Q

which of the following may be found within the egg cytoplasm environment?

  • ribosomes
  • paracrine factors
  • proteins
  • A & C
  • A,B,&C
A

A,B,&C

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20
Q

chemotaxis is derived by chemical signals from the ____ region to ais in translocation of the sperm through the reproductive tract

  • cumulus region
  • vitelline envelope
  • fallopian tube
  • cortical granules
A

cumulus region

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21
Q

males lacking the protein, ____, may suffer from male factor infertility due to decreased moltility.

  • integrin
  • dynein
  • RAS-G protein
  • transaminase
A

dynein

22
Q

the ectoderm germ layer forms the largest “organ” of the human body. That would be the….?

  • skin
  • heart
  • liver
  • stomach
A

skin

23
Q

the process of primary neurulation ultimately divides the ectoderm into all but which one of the choices below?

  • neural tube
  • neural crest cells
  • epidermis of the skin
  • primitive streak
A

primitive streak

24
Q

the condition knoen as Karatageners Syndrome which may lead to infertility is also linked to antoher pathological condition which is _________.

  • polyspermia
  • situs inversus
  • anti-sperm antibodies
  • ovarian cyst
A

situs inversus

25
Q

which of the following are related to the binding of sperm to the zona pellucida?

  • activation of G-protein second messenger systems
  • opening of calcium channels
  • release of enzymes from the acrosomal regions
  • all of these processes are activated or related to sperm - sona pellucida binding
A

all of these processes are activated or related to sperm - sona pellucida binding

26
Q

A failure of the ____ to produce the hormones estrogen & progesterone could potentially lead to an inability of the embryo being caight and implanting into the uterine wall.

  • uterus
  • ICM
  • trophoblast
  • ampulla region
  • corpus luteum
A

corpus luteum

27
Q

T/F

Medical Hinge Points are anchored to the epidermis and allow for bending (hinging) of the neural plate

A

false

28
Q

T/F

the maturation of sperm gradually decreases as the sperm cells move up the fallopian tube (oviduct) towards the site of fertilization

A

false

29
Q

T/F

a zygote is considered a diploid embryo from the time that a single sperm cell has penetrated the egg cytoplasm prior to the beginning of mitosis

A

false

30
Q

T/F

the trophoblast cells will attach to polysaccharide chains extending from the endometrium for implantation to take place

A

true

31
Q

T/F

enzymes from the trophoblast are necessary for both the breakdown of the wall of the zona pellucida and also for burrowing of the embryo into the uterine wall

A

True

32
Q

T/F

within humans, blastomeres divide in synchrony therefore always resulting in equal numbers of blastomers at any given time

A

false

33
Q

T/F

egg cytoplasm volume increase during the process of oogenesis vs that of sperm formation which condenses during spermatogenesis

A

true

34
Q

T/F

theh egg nucleus has been arrested metaphase of meiosis II and resumes the meiosis process at the time of ovulation from the ovary

A

false

35
Q

T/F
failure of the embryo to release from the zona pellucida once in the uterus, can result in a loss of implantation into the uterine wall and a loss of the pregnancy

A

true

36
Q

T/F

genetic control from the diploid nucleus of the zygote is controlling the cleavage process

A

true

37
Q

T/F

fertilization in humans occurs in the lowers thrid of the fallopian tube (oviduct) near where the it transitions into the uterine space

A

false

38
Q

T/F

the melanocytes in the epidermis serve to produce a dark pigment to the skin for protection of UV radiation

A

true

39
Q

T/F

increasingly warmer temperatures up the fallopian tube create hyperactivity of sperm motility

A

true

40
Q

an ATPase enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP for energy source for movement of flagellum

A

dynein

41
Q

the primary protein used for binding of the acrosomal region of the sperm to the zona pellucida for penetration and ultimately fertilization of the egg

A

ZP3

42
Q

the process of cavitation requires an influx of ____ into the center of the morula

A

sodium (Na+)

43
Q

inside area of the egg cell membrane which contains actin microfilaments

A

cortex

44
Q

the remnants of ovarian follicular cells outside the zona pellucida

A

cumulus region

45
Q

proteolytic enzymes used to prevent polyspermia once activated

A

cortical granules

46
Q

species specific sper/egg recognition site in the invertebrates

A

vitelline envelope

47
Q

ultimately forms the peripherial nervous system

A

neural crest cells

48
Q

the innermost layer of the cumulus cells

A

corona radiata

49
Q

the fertilization event between a sperm and egg normally occurs closest to which region in the figure above?

  • uterus
  • isthmus
  • ampulla
  • infundibulum
  • ovary
A

ampulla

50
Q

an ectopic pregnancy, as indicated in figure, may have resulted from which of your choices below?

  • premature release from the xona pellucida
  • polyspermic fetilization
  • Karatgener’s Syndrome
  • decreased moltility of the sperm cells
A

premature release from the Zona Pellucida

Embryology (14 decks)

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