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Elizabeth > Later foreign policy > Flashcards

Later foreign policy Flashcards

1
Q

Why did ministers want Elizabeth to marry?

A

To prevent the succession falling in the hands of the Catholics

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2
Q

Elizabeth attitude to marriage?

A

It lay within her royal prerogative and was not to be discussed at the council table or parliament
This caused tensions as councillors failed to acknowledge her outlook

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3
Q

Early suitors for Elizabeth marriage?

A

Robert Dudley - Earl of Leicester - her preferred choice
Phillip II of Spain- polite gesture
Archdukes Ferdinand and Charles son of the Emperor
Erik of Sweden- Protestant suitor- Elizabeth gave little encouragment

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4
Q

Why did Cecil not want the marriage to Dudley to go ahead?

A

Would undermine his own power
Would create political risks
Issues surrounding the death of Leicester’s first wife

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5
Q

Why did Philip lack serious intent?

A

Because of his profound Catholicism

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6
Q

When did the House of Commons first raise the issue of marriage?

A

January 1559

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7
Q

When did Elizabeth get smallpox?

A

Oct 1562

Caused an extreme level of panic amongst councillors

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8
Q

What was the Presence chamber?

A

When the Queen was female males could not usually enter the Privy Chamber - here was where private contact could be made between Queen and Courtier

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9
Q

Who was banned from the Presence Chamber?

A

Robert Dudley - for his insistence that she should marry

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10
Q

Backlash to pressurising Elizabeth to marry?

A

She summoned the House of Lords and Commons and gave a ferocious tongue lashing- stressed royal prerogative

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11
Q

Possibility of a mini marriage crisis?

A

Burghley and Sussex suggested that Elizabeth marry the Duke of Anjou - this horrified other councillors who realised that the infant child successor would be of French influence

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12
Q

In the end who had the best hereditary claim?

A

After Mary execution it was James VI of Scotland

He was Protestant and already had 2 sons

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13
Q

Impact of James being the most likely successor?

A

Councillors such as Essex began to woo James to stay in favour - he was in regular contact
Robert Cecil also kept in contact and ensured his succession- which he received due reward

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14
Q

Who was credited with how smooth the succession was?

A

Cecil

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15
Q

What factors influenced the relationship between Elizabeth and Mary?

A

Religion and succession

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16
Q

Mary’s trouble with marriage?

A

Incurred the wrath of Protestant lords and English because of her marriage to Earl of Darnley- then she was accused of being involved in his murder and there was a brief a civil war when the marriage between Mary and her husband’s presumed murderer Bothwell was arranged

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17
Q

Outcome of Mary’s failed second marriage?

A

Fled to England in 1567

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18
Q

Why was Mary a problem for E?

A

Some English Catholics saw her as the rightful heir and this made her a figure head for numerous plots

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19
Q

What intensified the problems that Mary caused?

A

Elizabeth’s ex communication in 1570- Catholic subjects no longer felt the need to obey sovereign authority- Elizabeth and council tightened treason law

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20
Q

Ridolfi plot detail?

A

Occurred in 1571- Involved a conspiracy for Mary to marry the Duke of Norfolk and to overthrow E

21
Q

Significance of Ridolfi plot?

A

Allowed Burghley to secure the execution of Norfolk for treason

22
Q

Throckmorton detail?

A

Occurred in 1583- the foreign landing in Sussex - french invasion and support from Spain and Pope- followed by the overthrow of E and her replacement by M
It was foiled by Walsingham’s espionage network

23
Q

Who was Walsingham?

A

Cambridge educated lawyer
Dealt with diplomacy and espionage
Protestant

24
Q

Significance of Throckmorton plot?

A

Led to creation of the Bond of Association- execution for usurpers- failed or successful
Worsened Anglo Spanish relations
Tightened conditions of Mary captivity

25
Q

Parry plot details?

A

1585- plot to assassinate the Queen

26
Q

Significance of Parry plot?

A

Led to the acceleration of parliamentary proceedings on a bill to ensure the Queen’s safety

27
Q

Babington plot details?

A

Occurred 1586- Mary complicit in a plot to assassinate E but was exposed by Walsingham

28
Q

Significance of Babington plot?

A

Enabled Burghley to secure Mary’s execution

29
Q

Why was E reluctant to execute M?

A

Anxious about executing another appointed monarch- would undermine her own security as a monarch
Some councillors even pleaded illness in the fear of regecide when asked to try Mary for treason

30
Q

Why were councillors worried?

A

To condemn the death of their possible future monarch’s mother may not be such a sensible idea

31
Q

How many months of delay were there regarding M execution?

A

4

32
Q

How did Cecil influence E to execute M?

A

Parliamentary pressure- it was for her own personal security and the survival of Protestantism

33
Q

When was the death warrant signed?

A

Feb 1st 1587- it was then given contradictory order about its dispatch

34
Q

Typical relations between England and Spain in the 1560s?

A

Usually cordial

35
Q

Why did Spain and England’s relations detonate in 1560s?

A

Plymouth ship merchant John Hawkings attempted to break the Spanish trading monopoly in the Carribean- infuriated Spanish interests, his own fleet was therefore blockaded in retaliation
Philip wanted tighter form of political organisation in Netherlands- E encouraged to aid Dutch Protestant

36
Q

Elizabeth’s own mistake that caused the breakdown of Anglo Spanish relations in 1560s?

A

Impounded money of Spanish vessels that was supposed to pay for Duke of Alba army- this occurred when a storm caused ships to seek refuge in English ports- Alba therefore seized English ships and property in the Netherlands

37
Q

Further influences to why Anglo-Spanish relations were soured by 1570?

A

Breakdown of trade

Philip’s support for Northern rebellion and Ridolfi plot and the excommunication of Elizabeth

38
Q

Elizabeth action 1572- causes declining Spanish relations?

A

She expels Sea beggars- Dutch pirates - from English ports- sparked of revolt against the rule of Spain

39
Q

Dutch revolt against Spain?

A

Pacification of Ghent- called for expulsion of all foreign troops and the restoration of provinces autonomy - this was favoured by Elizabeth

40
Q

Outcome of Dutch revolt?

A

France were willing to intervene- Elizabeth did not want this as she wanted to protect English influence in the Netherlands- she was prepared to marry Duke of Anjou
Division of Netherlands- Union of Arras. Utrecht

41
Q

Union of Arras? Utrecht

A

Protestant and Northern

Southern and Catholic

42
Q

Which union did Spanish make peace with?

A

Arras- Duke of Palma made new governor general, plan reconquest of Northern provinces

43
Q

What in 1580 strengthened the power of Spain?

A

Annexation of Portugal

44
Q

How did Elizabeth adopt an overtly anti- Spanish position?

A

Supported Portuguese pretender Don Antonio
Knighted Sir Francis Drake for circumnavigating the globe- irritating the Spanish
Treating the Spanish Ambassador contemptuously

45
Q

Why were Protestant forces weakened in 1584?

A

Their leader William of Orange was assassinated

Only 2 Protestant provinces left- Holland and Zeeland

46
Q

Treaty of Joinville 1584?

A

Alliance between Philip and French Catholic League

Philip had no political reason not to support Mary Queen of Scots

47
Q

Treaty of Nonsuch 1585?

A

Elizabeth and Protestant dutch rebels - sent the troops to the Netherlands under Leicester’s control

48
Q

Failure of Treaty of Nonsuch?

A

Troops were badly and irregularly paid- alienated Dutch
Dutch felt betrayed when two officers joined Palma
English commanders quarrelled
Leicester quarrelled with Dutch

Elizabeth (15 decks)

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