Foreign Policy Flashcards
Who was England in conflict with when Elizabeth came to the throne?
France
When was the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrai?
1559
What was the Treaty of Cateau Cambrai?
Peace treaty in which England and France reached an agreement over the vexed issue of Calais
France would retain Calais for 8 years after which Calais would be restored to England’s control provided that England had kept the peace in the meantime
What would happen if France failed to return Calais- term of treaty?
They would pay England 500,000 crowns
Initial problem with Scotland?
Henry II died and was ascended by Francis whose wife was Mary Queen of Scots- Guise family dominating French faction- Scotland was to be used as an instrument of French policy, began to garrison Scotland
Why was Elizabeth initially reluctant to intervene in Scotland?
It was a domestic affair of a separate nation in which subjects were rebelling against the sovereign authority
Loathed Scottish reformation leader Knox who had written ‘the monstrous regiment of women’
Why did Cecil support early intervention in Scotland/
He sympathised with religious predicament of Scottish Protestants and knew that England would be more secure without a French threat occupying the north border
He wanted the removal of Mary to weaken the Catholic claim to the throne
Wanted to incorporate Scotland in imperial Britain- so that Protestantism would survive
How did CEcil influence Mary to intervene in Scotland?
He played on her own insecurity - used English royal court of arms on their own heraldic device
Refused to resign if Elizabeth would not support him
What was intervention initially limited to?
Money and armaments
What was sent to Scotland in December 1559?
They navy was sent to Fifth of Forth to stop French reinforcements from landing
Action of March 1560?
Army was sent North
Impact of navy and army?
They were sent to blockade Leith just outside Edinburgh but the siege failed, but other circumstances forced a French withdrawal e.g. fleet was damaged by a storm, Mary of Guise died
Treaty of Edinburgh impact?
Lords of Congregation were recognised as provisional conciliar government
Death of Francis meant that the Guise family fell from power- Mary Stuart therefore had to return to Scotland
How had Cecil triumphed in this early intervention?
Mary’s political influence had been significantly reduced- she had to accept the political power of her enemies
Interests of Scottish Protestantism had been protected
Why was Elizabeth not as satisfied with her intervention in Scotland?
Believed it had occurred through good fortune and would be cautious still in the future
Religious conflict in France when?
1562
Who encouraged Elizabeth to put pressure on the French crown while it was in a weak state dealing with religious conflict?
Robert Dudley- Earl of Leicester
Why was pressure put on Elizabeth to pressurise France?
So they would be forced to return Calais
Elizabeth early intervention in France?
She promised the Hugenot leader- French Protestant- 6000 men and a loan of £30,000, with control of the port of Le Havre as security
How had Elizabeth’s luck ran out in France?
Hugenot army was defeated and Conde the leader was captured
Duke of Guise the Catholic leader was also assassinated
Both sides had no leader and agreed to peace terms and united to drive English out of Le Havre
Treaty of Troyes 1564?
Unfavourable peace treaty for English
Recognise loss of Calais- French paid 120,000
Failure of Elizabeth’s intervention in France?
She lost the indemnity she had secured at Cateau Cambresis- lost Calais as well - permanently
Why was losing Calais an advantage?
It was expensive to maintain and it was too tempting to use as a starting point for an invasion
Impact of failures?
Elizabeth would be more cautious in regards to intervening in Protestant causes on the European continent
