last week lecture before exam Flashcards
what are the data processing deficits?
- agnosia
- dysartria
- dysphasia or anaphasia
agnosia is—-
inability to recognize patterns
dysarthria is —
inability to articulate words clearly
dysphasia is
impairment of comprehension and production of language
what are the two types of dysphasia
- expressive aphasia
- receptive aphasia
- global aphasia
expressive aphasia
inability to produce spoken or written language
receptive aphasia
inability to understand spoken or written language
global aphasia
both receptive and expressive aphasia
what is the similarities between delirium and dementia
they are both state of confusion
what are the differences between delirium and dementia
derilium: is sudden onset
- short term
- sleep-wake is disturbed
dementia: slow progressive onset
- long term/ permanent
- sleep-wake is normal
What causes dementia
failure of cerebral functions, including permanent intellectual processes, neuron degeneration, brain tissue composition
What causes delirium
drug intoxication
metabolic disorders
long stay in the hospital
brain trauma and surgery
electrolyte imbalance
what is Alzheimers disease
the leading cause for severe progressive cognitive dysfunction
cause for Alzheimers disease
Development of amyloplaques and neurofibrillary tangles, which in turn causes neuron death, brain atrophy, and loss of synapse
cause for Alzheimers disease
Development of amyloplaques and neurofibrillary tangles, which inturn causes neuron death, brain atrophy, and loss of synapse
clinical manifestations of Alzheimer’s
forgetfulness
lack of concentraryion
loss in problem solving abilities
confusion
decline in abstraction
clinical manifestations of dementia
memory loss
lack of orientation in language and memory
alteration in behavior
what results increased cranial pressure
increased inter-cranial content due to tumor, edema, hemorrhage, excess cerebral spinal fluid
effects of increased cranial pressure
causes an equal reduction in volume in other cranial contents
CSF and cerebral blood flow are decreased
changes in the levels of consciousness
What are the 4 stages of increased intracranial pressure
stage 1: compesnsation
stage 2: Compensation
stage 3: beginning of decompensation
stage 4: decompensation
what happens in stage 1 compensation?
Vasoconstriction and external compression of the venous system occurs in an attempt to decrease intracranial pressure
- ICP doesn’t change much and show symptoms because the compensation is working
what happens in stage 2 compensation?
compensation could not keep up with the increasing expansion of intracranial contents
- cause compromised neural oxygenation and systemic arterial vasoconstriction
effects of stage 2 compensation
restlessness
sluggish pupils
breathing changes
drowsiness
confusion
what happnes in stage 3 beginning of decompensation
hypercapnia and hypoxia
ICP approaches arterial pressure
effects:-
widened pulse gap, bradycardia, and hypertension
what happens in stage 4 decompensation
herniation develops
blood supply is compromised, which increases the probability of getting ischemia and hypoxia
eventually, blood flow stops
effects:-
comma, fixed and dilated pupil, Cheyne strokes breathing
Cerebral edema is
Increase in intracellular or extracellular fluid within the brain
Effects of cerebral edema are
- displacement of brain tissue
- increase in ICP
- herniation of blood tissue
- distortion of blood vessels
Cerebral edema is classified into three
- vasogenic ( most important )
- cytotoxic ( metabolic)
- interstitial
What is vasogenic
- specific place
- increased permeability of the capillary endothelium of the brain after injury
effects
capillaries of the blood-brain barrier are disrupted
cytotoxic
- affects everywhere
- toxic materials that affect the cellular elements of the brain
Effects:
failure of the transport system
cells accumulate Na
interstitial
- caused by the movement of CSF from the ventricles in the extracellular spaces of brain tissue
- often seen in communicating hydrocephalus
hydrocephalus
excuss fluid within the cerebra ventricles
What causes hydrocephalus
-decrease in the absorbtion of CSF
- overproduction of fluid
- obstruction within the ventricular system
classified into four
- communicating
- non-communicating
- acute hydrocephalus
- normal pressure hydrocephalus
hypertonia
Increase in muscle tone
effects?
hypotonia
decrease in muscle tone
- passive movements occur without resistance
cause
- cerebral damage, stroke, spinal cord injury
effect
weakness
training easily
difficulty rising and sitting down
hypokinesis is
decrease in movement
hypokinesia is classified into
- akinesia: absence of voluntary movement
- bradykinesia: decreased speed movement
hyperkinesia is
Increase in movement
hyperkinesia is classified into
- paroxysmal dyskinesia: abnormal involuntary movements
- tardive dyskinesia : involuntary movement of the lip, face, or tongue…( caused by prolonged antipsychotic drug)
parkinston disease is
progressive digenerative disorder
how is Parkinson disease caused
- a disorder caused in the basal ganglia
- loss of dopamine-producing neurons
-excess acetylcholine
What are the clinical maniferstation of parkinston disease?
- excess stimulation affects movement and posture
- decrease in flexibility
- progressive tremors
- dysarthria
- chewing and swallowing difficulty
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is —-
a progressive degenerative disease affecting the upper and lower motor neurons
- cognition is not affected
casuse of amyotropic lateral sclerosis is —-
no identified cause but it is linked to gene linked disease
clinical manifestation of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- loss and weakness of muscle atrophy
- death due to respiratory failure
-loss of manual dexterity and gait - sparsity
