Alterations of Veins, arteries and dysrhythmia Flashcards
Desies of the veins are?
- Varicose veins
- Chronic venous insufficiency
- Venous stasis ulcers
- Thrombosis
- deep vein thrombosis
Varicose veins are
- a vein in which blood has pooled
- usually caused by damaged or incompetent valves
- Pooling causes veins to be palpated, distended, and tortuous
Risk factors of varicose veins
- age
- family history
- pregnant women
- obesity
- prolonged standing
- wearing tight clothing around the thighs
- crossing legs at the knees
- deep thrombosis
Chronic venpus insuficensiy is
- inadequate venous return over long period of time
- progression of varicose veins
- has the same risk factors
Venous stasis ulcer is
- caused by venous insufficiency
- high venouse pressures, circulatory stasis and tissue hypoxia leads to inflammatory response
- leads to remodeling of the skin and ulcer development
Thrombosis formation is
- formation of blood clot through
1. Thrombosis: blood clot attached to a vessel wall. venous thrombi are very common
2. Embolism: bolus of matter that is circulating in the blood
3. Thromboembolism: detached thrombus
risk factors of thrombus
Triad of Virchow
- venous stasis
- venous endothelial damage
- hypercoagulable state
others
- cancer
- spina cord injury
- heart trauma
- immobility
- orthopedic surgery
Deep Vein Thrombosis
- blood clot found in deep vein
- found usually in the lower extermities
Clinical manifestations of deep vein thrombosis
- unilateral
- erythema
- warmth
- pain
- tenderness with palpation
- varicose veins
Disease of arteries are
1.orthostatic hypotension
2. Aortic aneurisms
3. Aortic dissection
4. Raynaud phenomenon
5. Atherosclerosis
Orthostatic hypotension is
Clinical manifastations?
- decrease in the systole and diastolic blood pressure while standing due to lack of normal blood pressure compensation in response to gravity
- can be acute or chronic
Clinical manifestation
- dizziness, blurry vision, and loss of vision
this are because there is lack of blood return to the brain and vasomotor compensation
Aortic aneurisms?
Clinical manifestation?
Risk factors?
- dilation or outpouching of a vessel wall
- most common thoracic and abdominal aorta
Risk factors:
- smoking
- atherosclerosis
- hypertension
Clinical manifestations
- asymptomatic unil rupture
- dysphagia and dyspnea
What is the difference between true and false aneurisms?
True aneurism affects all three layers of the arterial walls of the blood vessel while false aneurism is extravascular hematoma (clot) that communicates within the intravascular space
Aortic dissection is
is the tearing in the vessels and when blood gets into the wall of an artery
Raynaud phenomenon is ?
Clinical manifestations?
- episodic vasospasm which is narrowing of the arteries by persistent contractions of the blood vessels
Clinical manifestations
- color changes in finger, toes, ears, and nose ( from white, blue, red)
- cold
- painful
- numbness
Atherosclerosis is ?
Arteriosclerosis?
Risk factors?
- form of arteriosclerosis that is formed by the thickening and hardening caused by accumulation of lipid- laden macrophages in the arterial wall
- plaque development
Arteriosclerosis is chronic disease of arterial system that is caused by abnormal thickening and hardening of the vessel walls
Risk Factors
- age
- family history …genetic
- tobacco use
- diabetics
- weight
- stress
- hyperlipidemia
- uncontrolled hypertension
- physical inactivity
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
- progressive narrowing and degeneration of arteries of upper and lower extremities
- usually affects lower extremities
- most commonly results from atherosclerosis
PAD clinical manifestation
- severity depends on the site, degree of blockage, and amount of collateral circulation
- intermittent claudication….. clamping, tired, burning in legs, aching
- usually occurs with activity and goes’ away with rest
- numbness, tingling, neuropathy
- skin is thin, shiny, taut, hairless
-elevation pallor: between legs is elevated because of gravity - dependent rubor( reactive hyperemia): causes redden position
- decreased capillary refill
- diminished or absent pulses depending on severity
- thick toe nails
- ulcers, gangrenous toes
- cold
common dysrhythmia is
- abnormal physiological rhythm
- consists of
1. Normal sinus rhythm
2. simious bradycardia
3. Sinus tachycardia
4. Arterial fibrillation
5. Heat block
6. Premature ventricular contractions
7/ Ventricular fibrillation
8. Ventricular Tachycardia
9 . Sudden cardiac death
Normal sinus rhythm is
- SA nodes firing 60/100 beats/ min
- follows normal conduction pattern
-p and QRS wave is normal - PR interval is normal
Sinus bradycardia
- SA nodes fire < 60 beats/min
- normal for athletes and during sleep
- occurs during parasympathetic nerve stimulation and certain drugs
- P wave is less and QRS is pointy
- associated with some diseases
Sinus tachycardia
- SA nodes fire > 100 beats/ min
- occurs during sympathetic stimulation or vagal inhibition
- associated with physiologic and psychologic stressors
- drugs increase heart rate
- P wave is elevated
Arterial fibrillation
- paroxysmal or persistent
- most common dysrhythmia
- prevalence increases with age and heart disease
- aka “ irregularly irregular pulse “
causes decrease in CO2 and increase risk for stroke - has no pattern
ventricular fibrillation
- associated with acute MI, ischemia
- unresponsive , pulseless, and apneic
- if not treated causes death
-can be treated by CPR and ACLS
- defibrillation and drug therapy like ephenephrine and amiodarone
Ventricular tachycardia
- life threatening because it causes decrease on CO2 and possible development of ventricular fibrillation
Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD)
caused by ventricular dysthymias
- ventricular tachycardia
- ventricular fibrillation
Premature ventricular contractions are
- associated with stimulus, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, and heat disease
- not harmful for normal heat, but may reduce CO2 and lead to angina and heart failure in diseased heart
- assess hemodynamic status
heart Blocks are?
abnormal conduction of electrical impulses because of
- electrolyte imbalance
- ischemia or hypoxia
- infraction or MI
Asystole
- total absence of ventricular electrical activity ( flat line on ECG)
- no ventricular contraction
- pt is unresponsive, pulseless, apneic
- result of advanced cardiac disease, severe conduction system problem, or end stage heart failure
- has poor prognosis
- treated with immediate CPR and ACLS measures, epinephrine, and intubation
Pulseless electrical activity
- no pulse but electrical activity can be seen on the ECG
- poor prognosis unless underlying cause is quickly identified and treated
- underlying cause can be
Hs Ts
Hypovolemia Toxins
hypoxia Tamponade
hypothermia Thrombosis
hypo/hyperkalemia tension pneumothorax
hypoglycemia trauma
hydrogen ion( acidosis)
