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pathophysiology > chapter 21 obesity > Flashcards

chapter 21 obesity Flashcards

1
Q

Adipose tissue function is

A
  • protection
  • insulation
  • secretes adipokines
  • energy reserve
  • immune cell division
  • mechanical support
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2
Q

What are the classifications of adipose tissue

A
  1. white Adipose Tissue
  2. Brown Adipose tissue
  3. Beige Adipose Tissue
  4. Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue
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3
Q

White adipose tissue

A
  • derived from connective tissue
  • single lipid droplet
  • located in the visceral and subcutaneous stores, and muscles
  • releases free fatty acids and glycerol for energy metabolism
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4
Q

Brown Adipose Tissue

A
  • derived from muscle tissue
  • many droplets of lipid
  • generate heat through oxidation of fatty acids
  • neonaltal heat generation
  • protects against obesity
  • non shivering thermogenesis
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5
Q

Bone marrow adipose tissue

A
  • found in all bones
  • increases with obesity and age
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6
Q

Beige adipose tissue

A
  • found in WAT and BAT
  • emerge with chronic exposure to cold or exercise
  • diminished obesity
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7
Q

Adipose tissue can acts as ….

A

endocrine gland that secretes adipokines

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8
Q

Adipokines are

A
  • cell signaling proteins
  • causes excess white adipose tissue secretion
  • function as hormones
  • impact on food intake
  • impact insulin secretion and storage
  • triggers insulin resistance
  • affects BP
  • affects bone metabolism
  • affects fertility
  • affects energy expenditure
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9
Q

Obesity

A
  • increase in adipose tissue
  • body mass index is > 30
  • growth chart shows that 95% of growth in chidren
  • develops when caloric intake exceedes caloric expenditure
  • major cause of death who are obese is due to –
    - cardiovascular disease
    - Type 2 diabetics
    - cancer
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10
Q

Risk factor of obesity

A
  • environmental factors
  • metabolic factors that cause obesogenic, chemicals that can impact genetics
  • depression and mood disorders
  • polygenic defects.
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11
Q

Pathophysiology of obesity

A
  • signal mediators that act on hypothalamus and brainstem that regulate hunger and satiety
  • interaction of peripheral and central pathways and numerous adipokines and neurotransmitters
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12
Q

Phenotypes of obesity

A
  1. Peripheral: distribution of fat around the thighs and buttocks and has a pear shape
  2. Visceral obesity: associated with more complications
    - distribution of fat is localized around the abdomen and upper body giving the body an apple shape
  3. Normal weight obesity: normal body weight and BMI with percent of bodyfat is greater than 30 %
  4. Metabolically healthy obesity: obese but no complications and low risk for morbidity and mortality
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13
Q

adipokines and obesity

A
  • Leptin: causes leptin resistance which causes a loss in appetite
  • adiponectin: increase energy expenditure
  • retinal-binding proteins: increase inflammation
  • endocannabinoids: increase appetite
  • angiotensinogen: increase BP
  • ghrelin: increase food intake and fat storage
  • glucagon: stimulates pancreases
  • peptide: decrease obesity
  • cholecystokinin: causes bladder to contract
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14
Q

Starvation is

A
  • decreased energy intake leading to weight loss
  • can be due to malnutrition
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15
Q

Types of starvation

A
  1. Short term
  2. Long term
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16
Q

Short term starvation

A
  • extended fasting for several days of dietary abstinence or deprivation

Therapeutic: causes initial rapid weight loss
Pathologic: glycogenolysis
- gluconeogenesis

17
Q

Long term starvation

A
  • begins after several days of dietary abstinence

Therapeutic: weight loss in morbidly obese people
Pathologic: anorexia nervosa, disease

  • death from proteolysis
    - marasmus: proteins energy malnutrition
    - Kwashiorkor: proteins and carbohydrate deprivation
    - cachexia
    - refeeding syndrome
18
Q

Anorexia of aging is ….

A
  • decrease of appetite or food intake in older adults
  • aging associated with decreased oxygenic signals and anoxygenic signals
19
Q

Risk factors of anorexia of aging is

A
  • functional impairments
  • loneliness and grief ( social isolation)
  • medical and psychiatric conditions
  • abuse or neglects
20
Q

clinical manifestations of anorexia

A
  • malnutrition
  • fragility
  • mitochondrial dysfunction
  • reduced regenerative capacity
  • increased oxidative stress
  • imbalanced hormones
21
Q

How is food intake and energy balance regulated?

A
  • by central and peripheral physiological signals
  • arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus balances opposing effects of neurons
  • GI tracts secretes hormones that control hunger and satiety
22
Q

oxygenic neurons are…

A

promote appetite, stimulate eating, and decreases metabolism

23
Q

anorexigenic neurons are …

A

suppress appetite, inhibit eating and increase metabolism

pathophysiology (13 decks)

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