Chapter 23 hematology

Question 1

anemia

Answer 1

decrease in the number of erythroctes
decreas in the quality of oxygen transferred

Question 2

dehydration =

Answer 2

hemoconcentration

Question 3

fluid retention=

Answer 3

hemodilution

Question 4

cause for anamia

Answer 4

impared erythrocyte production
decrease in the erythrocyet production
acute/ chronic blood loss
combination of the above

Question 5

classiied based on

Answer 5

• their shape, size or substance
  cause

Question 6

clinical manifestation of anamia

Answer 6

fever
fatoque
pallor
trachycardia
dyspenia
hyotension

Question 7

macrocytic megaloblastic anamia

Answer 7

large stem cellas that mature into erythrocytes that are large in size
1. Pernicious anamia
2. folate deficiency anamia

Question 8

pernicious anamia is caused by

Answer 8

decreased in VB12

clinical maniufestations
- weakness
-fatique
- difficulty in walking
- abdonmianl pain
- loss of appetite
- sour smooth beefy tongue
- weight loss

Question 9

Folate deficiency anamia

Answer 9

caused by the deficiency of falic acid

clinicalmanifestation
- same as pernicious
- more GI symptoms
-stomatitus and ulcrs of mouth
- cheritosis= scales and fissures of mouth

Question 10

Microcytic hyperchromatic anamia

Answer 10

causes iron deficiency anemia

Question 11

iron deficiency is caused by

Answer 11

loss of blood
- increased demand for iron
- problems with absorption

Question 12

clinical manifestation of iron

Answer 12

fatigue = nails become spoon-shaped
pallor = dry sources of the mouth
dyspnea( shortness of breath)=red sour punctured tongue

Question 13

Leukocytes = white blood cells

Answer 13

function affected if there are too many or too few WBC
- normal WBC count is 4500-11000

Question 14

Leukocytosis

Answer 14

is a high WBC count
- normal protective physiologic response to physiologic stressors

Question 15

Causes of leukocytosis

Answer 15

invasion of pathigens
- emotional stress
-Temperature change

Question 16

leukopenia

Answer 16

decrease in WBC count
not normal or beneficiation
predisposes to infections

Question 17

leukopenia cause

Answer 17

• radiation
• shock
• autoimmune disease
• immunodeficiency
• medications

Question 18

neutrophilia

Answer 18

immature neutrophils are realeased from the bone marrow when there is an infection

Question 19

neutropenia

Answer 19

decrease in circulating neutrophils

cause
- prolonged severe infection
- decreased production of neutrophils
- abnormal neutrophils distribution
reduced survival;

Question 20

infectious mononucleosis

Answer 20

acute self-limiting infection of B-lymphocytes

Question 21

Pathology and clinical manifestation of Infectious mononucleosis

Answer 21

Patho
- Epstein-Barr virus affect the B-lymphocyte
- atypical lymphocytes develop
- immunocompetent (self-limiting acute viral infection)
immunocompromised ( uncontrolled proliferation of B-cells can occur)

Clinical Manifestation
-fever
-sore, swollen throat (pharyngitis)
- fatigue
-enlargement of spleen and liver
- lymphadenopathy: swollen cervical lymph nodes
-splenic rupture caused by spleen enlargement

Question 22

Leukemia

Answer 22

-a malignant disorder of blood and blood-forming cells

Patho
- overcrowding of bonemarrow
- excessive proliferation of malignant cells

Question 23

classified into two

Answer 23

1. Acute
2. chronic

Question 24

Acute Leukemia

Answer 24

sudden onset
undifferentiated cells

1. Acute myelogenous leukemia
   - too many myelogenous or lymphoblastic that are to WBC
2. Acute lymphocytic Leukemia
   - too many immature WBC in the Blood marrow

Question 25

Chronic leukemia

Answer 25

progressive differentiated and mature cells 1. Chronic Mylengenous Leukemia - roo many mature WBC in the bonemarrow 2. Chronic Lymphatic Leukomia - slow-growing cancer where too many immature lymphocytes are found

Question 26

clinical manifestation of Leukemia

Answer 26

-fever -petechiae - fatigue, anemia - weight loss bone pain infections welling of the liver, lymph nodes, and spleen headache, vomiting, blurred vision, and hearing disturbances

Question 27

lymphadenopathy

Answer 27

enlargments of lymph nodes can be focal or general

Question 28

Malignant lymphomas

Answer 28

a diverse group of neoplasms that develop from the proliferation of malignant lymphocytes in the lymphoid system

Question 29

what are the two main categories of magilant lymphomas

Answer 29

1. Hodgkin lymphoma 2. non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Question 30

Hodgkin lymphoma

Answer 30

trigger is unknown B-cell that has not undergone successful immunoglobulin gene rearrangement painless

Question 31

what is the hall mark of hodgkin

Answer 31

Reed Sternberg cells - magilantly trnasformed B-cellls - present in lymp nodes

Question 32

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Answer 32

- real classification based on B,NK, and T neoplasms - Burkitt lymphoma and lymphoblastic lymphoma

Question 33

patho of non-hodgkin lynmphoma

Answer 33

-clonal expansion of NK, B, and T cells - chromosome translocation which leads to activation of oncogenes - tumor suppressors may be inactivated by deletion or mutation of chromosome - spreads in a very unpredictable way - not present in RS cells

Question 34

Burkitt Lymphoma

Answer 34

- Bcell - tumor grows on the jaw and facial bones Types - linked to EBV - sporadic - immunodeficiency related treatment is aggressive and multidrug regimens

Question 35

Lymphoblastic lymphoma

Answer 35

T-cell - clone of immature T cells that become malignant in the thymus - painless lymphadenopathy of the neck, chest - treatment is combined with chemotherapy

Question 36

Multiple Myeloma ( plasma cell Magilancy)

Answer 36

- slow proliferation of tumor cell masses in the bone marrow clinical manifestations - hypercalcemia -renal failure - anemia - bone lesions - pain everywhere

Question 37

disorders of platlets

Answer 37

thromboctopena - decrease in platlets thrombocythemia - increase in platlets

Question 38

thromboctopenia patho? classification ?

Answer 38

- decrease in platlets normal is 150,000- 400,000 patho - decreased platlet production - increased consumption - conge ital or acquired classified as 1. heparin- induced thrombocytopenia 2. Immune thrombocytopenia purpura n

Question 39

Immune thrompbocytopenia purpura clinical manifestations?

Answer 39

- occurs secondary to an illness - immune system attacks platlets can be acute or chronic acute ITP is commonly seen in children clinical manifestations - purpura/pectinate scattered on the body - bleeding from mucosal sites

Question 40

Heparin- Induced Thrombocytopenia

Answer 40

- drug related cause of thrombocytopenia patho - immune meditated adverse drug reaction - IgG antibodies target heparin which decreases platlets activation cycle which decreases platlete consumption and eventually platlets level drop 50% drop after heparin administration

Question 41

Disseminated Intravascular coagulation (DIC) pathos? Cause? clinical manifestation?

Answer 41

- clotting and hemmorage both occur simultaneously Patho - widespread activation of coagulation, resulting in formation of fibrin clots in medium and small vessels throughout the body - widespread clotting leads blockage of blood vessels and organ failure - leads to consumnrtion of platlets Cause - sepsis - endothelial damage/ tissue factor as the main initiator of DIC clininical manifestation - bleeding from venipuncture sites - purpura, pectechie, and hematromas symetric cyanosis of the fingers and toes ---clotting

Question 42

hemphilia

Answer 42

- bleeding disorderes joint bleeding A VIII B IX CXI