Last Minute Stuff I Still Don't Know

Question 1

Nucleophilic addition reactions of ethanoic acid with NaBH4

Answer 1

See page 458

Question 2

Nucleophilic addition of carbonyl compounds with HCN/ H+(aq)

Answer 2

Page 458

Question 3

How so you show the weak acidity of phenols

Answer 3

• does neutralise NaOH

- doesn’t neutralise carbonates

Question 4

Why is phenol classed as a weak acid?

Answer 4

• phenol partially dissociates producing phenoxide ion and a proton

Question 5

Identify a carbonyl compound from the melting point of the derivative

Answer 5

• add 2,4- DNP
• yellow precipitate
• recrystallise the precipitate and measure the melting point
• compare the melting point with the known compounds

Question 6

Water solubility of carboxylic acids in terms of hydrogen bonding

Answer 6

• C=O and O-H are both polar
• both form hydrogen bonds
• larger the carbon chain, decreasing solubility after 4 carbons

Question 7

Describe how you would obtain a pure dry sample of alkene from the reaction mixture

Answer 7

• use separating funnel to separate organic layer and aqueous layer
• drying with anhydrous salt
• redistillation

Question 8

Draw the formation of acyl chlorides from carboxylic acids

Answer 8

• use SOCl2

- page 466

Question 9

Formation of CH3NH2 from CH3Cl

Answer 9

See notes

Question 10

Formation of (CH3)2NH from CH3Cl and CH3NH2

Answer 10

See notes

Question 11

Formation of (CH3)3N from (CH3)3N

Answer 11

See notes

Question 12

Why do amines act as base

Answer 12

-lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen can accept a proton

Question 13

Draw amino acid with HCl

Answer 13

See notes

Question 14

Draw amino acid with NaOH

Answer 14

See notes

Question 15

Draw reaction between amino acid and ethanoic acid

Answer 15

See notes

Question 16

Draw reaction the acid hydrolysis of an ester

Answer 16

Page 468

Question 17

What are the products of acid hydrolysis

Answer 17

• carboxylic acid

- alcohol

Question 18

Draw the alkaline hydrolysis of an ester

Answer 18

See page 468

Question 19

What are the products of alkaline hydrolysis?

Answer 19

• sodium salt

- alcohol

Question 20

Draw alkylation of benzene

Answer 20

Page 492

Question 21

Reaction of acylation

Answer 21

Page 492

Question 22

Draw formation of a nitrile from a haloalkane and name mechanism

Answer 22

Page 490

Question 23

Nitriles to carboxylic acid

Answer 23

• add H2O
• add HCl(aq)
• heat

Question 24

Equipment for filtration under reduced pressure

Answer 24

• buchner flask
• buchner funnel
• pressure tubing
• filter paper
• vacuum pump/ filter

Question 25

How to perform filtration under reduced pressure

Answer 25

- fit buchner funnel to the Buchner flask ensuring there is a good fit -

Question 26

Do phenols react with CO3^2-

Answer 26

No

Question 27

Test for carboxyl group

Answer 27

- neutralisation | - effervescence of CO2

Question 28

Homologous series

Answer 28

a series of organic compounds having the same func onal group but with each successive member di ering by CH2

Question 29

Structural isomerism

Answer 29

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

Question 30

Sigma bonds

Answer 30

overlap of orbitals directly between the bonding atoms

Question 31

Pi bonds

Answer 31

sideways overlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below the bonding C atoms

Question 32

the benefits for sustainability of processing waste polymers by: combustion for energy productions

Answer 32

- burnt to generate steam to drive a turbine to produce electricity - high stores energy value

Question 33

the benefits for sustainability of processing waste polymers by: use as an organic feedstock for the production of plastics and other organic chemicals

Answer 33

Feedstock recycling is able to handle unsorted and unwashed polymers

Question 34

the benefits for sustainability of processing waste polymers by: removal of toxic waste products

Answer 34

Otherwise when burnt, PCV releases HCl(g) | - now uses solvents to dissolve the monomer

Question 35

the benefits to the environment of development of biodegradable

Answer 35

- break down by microorganisms | - leaves no visible or toxic residues

Question 36

the benefits to the environment of development of photodegradable polymers.

Answer 36

- bonds weaken by absorbing light to start degradation | - light- absorbing additives can be used